The Principles Of Scientific Management - 1262 Words

Management has been present in human society dating back to Sumerian temples and the building of the pyramids. However, it was not until early 1900s that the practice of management was given theoretic approaches. Five key management theories have been developed since then: scientific management, structural approach, human relations, systems approach, and contingency. Each approach was developed and influenced by the time period making a significant impact even on today’s modern management principles. Taylorism, the principles or practice of scientific management, was introduced by a devout Quaker and a mechanical engineer, Frederick Taylor, whose main focus was how a business could survive. In his essay The Principles of Scientific Management, Taylor writes â€Å"the principal object of management should be to secure the maximum prosperity for the employer, coupled with the maximum prosperity for each employee† (1911). The application of science management came at a time when scientific discovery and natural science was branching off and most work was still manual. It took the personalization out of the employer-employee relationship and brought together a productive partnership between management and labour. Time and motion study assessed the output a normal worker could achieve at normal speed for a given time. Rationality, objectiveness, analyticity, and science were the keys to the methodology behind the scientific management theory leading to a more measureable appro achShow MoreRelatedPrinciples of Scientific Management1149 Words   |  5 PagesScientific Management is a theory of management that analyzed and synthesized workflows. Its main objective was improving economic efficiency, especially labor productivity. It was one of the earliest attempts to apply science to the engineering of processes and to management. Its development began with Frederick Winslow Taylor in the 1880s and 1890s within the manufacturing industries. Taylor was an American mechanical engineer and a management consultant in his later years. He is often calledRead MoreThe Scientific Principles Of Management838 Words   |  4 PagesWinslow Taylor pioneered the scientific principles of management. The scientific theory of management seeks to establish factors that can improve the productivity of workers. Taylor believed that organizations should optimize the way their employees work rather than have them work as hard as they can. Taylor conducted time and motion studies that showed that individual employees are more efficient than others. This section shall discuss the principles of scientific management and show how the Four SeasonsRead MoreThe Principles Of Scientific Management3291 Words   |  14 PagesTHE PRINCIPLE S OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT (TAYLORISM) STUDENT NAME : SOWMITH VATSAVAI ROLL NO : 120908246 BRANCH : INDUSTRIAL AND PRODUCTION ENGG. E-MAIL ID : SOWMITH.V@GMAIL.COM CONTACT NO : 09740459479 INDEX Sl.no Contents Page No. 1 Fundamentals 2 2 Introduction 5 3 Experimentation 6 4 Principles 9 5 Conclusion 15 6 References 16 â€Æ' 1.Fundamentals of Scientific Management 1.1 Introduction Read MoreThe Principles Of Scientific Management1337 Words   |  6 Pagesa century ago, Frederick Winslow Taylor’s renowned work The Principles of Scientific Management set forth a theory that to this day is subjected to a similar degree of critique and debate to that in the early 20th century. While Taylor’s ideas were evidently influenced by the works of earlier researchers, it is he who is credited as the â€Å"father† of the scientific management movement (Jeacle, 2004, p. 1164). As such, scientific management itself is synonymous with Taylor to the extent that it is commonlyRead MoreThe Principles Of Scientific Management944 Words   |  4 Pagescontinued to promote his principles through lectures at universities as professional societies, leading to his election as president of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1906. That year he was also given an honorary science degree from the University of Pennsylvania. During his presidency he wrote many books documenting his methods for maximum production, including â€Å"Notes on Belting†, â€Å"Piece-rate System†, and his bestselling book â€Å"The Principles of Scientific Management.† He would argue thatRead MorePrinciples of Scientific Management1975 Words   |  8 PagesSince its inception in 1911 Scientific Management has soared to incredible heights, spread across the entire world as an expert`s way to make the most out of the time an employee. Before I begin analysing its use today it`s important to first establish what Scientific Management means. It is defined concisely in the business dictionary as â€Å"an early 20th century school of management thought concerned primarily with the physical efficiency of an individual worker† that â€Å"emphasises the rationalizationRead MoreThe Principles Of Scientific Management1641 Words   |  7 PagesThe concept of scientific management was first introduced in the book The Pr inciples of Scientific Management, by F.W. Taylor (1911), eventually forming the concept of the frequently used management technique referred to as Taylorism. This concept revolved around three prime objectives. Taylorism focuses on the achievement of efficiency – by maximizing output per worker through training in scientific methods to establish the â€Å"one best way of executing each motion† (Katia Caldari, 2007); to createRead MoreThe Principles Of Scientific Management2994 Words   |  12 PagesIntroduction Good management can be defined as the optimal use of available resources to increase an organisation s efficiency and effectiveness in meeting its objectives (Garg, 2013). Scientific management has been the dominant model for many years, but its usefulness for meeting modern organisational challenges may be limited. This paper examines the principles of scientific management, the degree to which it is applied in contemporary organisations, its utility for addressing modern challengesRead MoreThe Principles Of Scientific Management3162 Words   |  13 Pagesbeen accepted and adopted in different kinds of organization. And the same era, the Principles of Scientific Management was proposed by Frederick Winslow Taylor in 1911, which has focused on how to work to maximize the benefits to staff, mangers and society, moreover, it also developed some methods of supervision, uniform and work standard. Actually, no matter the scientific management by Taylor or Weber’s management of Bur eaucracy, these theories are provide the foundation for Modernism. GraduallyRead MoreThe principles of scientific management – Summary1128 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿The principles of scientific management – Summary Introduction Taylor started this paper by quoting then  President of the United States,  Theodore Roosevelt. Stating that The conservation of our national resources is only preliminary to the larger question of national efficiency. Taylor pointed out that while a large movement had started to conserve material resources, the less visible and less tangible effects of the wasted human effort was only vaguely appreciated. He argues the necessity

Effects Of Alcohol Abuse And Alcoholism - 1446 Words

When entering the field of social work, a person should understand the effects of alcohol, not only on an individual, but also the effects on the families. Alcohol is one of the many substances that people use and abuse. Since alcohol is legal for any one over the age of twenty-one, many people begin drinking and then develop an addiction to the substance (Goldberg, 2016). Alcoholism effects people of all ages, background, social status, or ethnic group (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2016). A social worker should understand how to assess and intervene families who are struggling with alcohol addiction in a way that is both ethical and culturally competent (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2005). The main goal for a social worker is to promote well-being and help provide the basic needs of all people (National Association of Social Workers, 2008). To begin, a social worker must first assess the situation that is before them and collect as much information as pos sible. Several questions need to be asked to either the family or the person who has alcoholism. For example, on average, how many days a week does the person consume alcohol? On those days, how many alcoholic beverages are consumed? In the last thirty days how many times have you had more than four alcoholic beverages? These questions need to be asked first because a social worker needs to know how severe the problem is (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2005). In some casesShow MoreRelatedAlcoholism : A Growing Problem1468 Words   |  6 PagesAlcoholism Alcoholism is a growing problem in today s society. What is alcoholism? Is it a disease? What are the causes of it? What toll does alcohol abuse have on individuals? American society? American economy? What kind of treatments are available to reduce/cure alcoholism? What is alcoholism? Alcoholism is a physical or psychological need for an alcoholic beverage, which is taken for non-medical reasons and produces a noticeable effect on the body (Sheen 93). People develop the need for alcoholRead MoreEffects of Alcoholism on the Human Health and Social Life837 Words   |  3 PagesTitle Effects of alcoholism on the human health and social life General purpose/objective The speech is aimed at highlighting the negative effects that excessive intake of alcohol and habitual alcoholism can have on the social aspects of a person and the health repercussions of the aforementioned behavior. The content of the speech is largely informative and in very small part persuasive for people to reconsider their drinking habits. Specific purpose The specific objective of the speech isRead MoreAlcoholism Outline809 Words   |  4 PagesTopic: ALCOHOLISM Objective: To be able to discuss about Alcoholism. Outline: I.   Classification and terminology of Alcoholism A. Etymology II. History of Alcohol III. Signs and symptoms B.   Symptoms of long term alcohol misuse 1. Physical symptoms 2. Psychiatric symptoms 3.   Social effects C. Alcohol withdrawal IV. Causes of Alcoholism D. Genetic variation V. Pathophysiology VI. Diagnosis of Alcoholism Read MoreCauses and Effects of Alcohol Abuse955 Words   |  4 Pages Alcoholism is the excessive and usually uncontrollable use of alcoholic drinks. There are many symptoms, complications, treatments and ways of prevention for alcoholism. Certain groups of people may be at a greater risk than others for several different reasons. There are numerous factors in why people may become addicted. Usually, a variety of factors contribute to the development of alcoholism. Social factors such as the influence of peers, family, society, the availability of alcohol, mentalRead MoreAlcoholism : Alcoholism And Drug Dependence1054 Words   |  5 PagesAlcoholism is a problem affecting millions of families around the world. Based on the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence Inc., Alcoholism is considered a family disease due to the amount of stress that family members go through (NCADD, 2016). Alcoholism is an addiction that requires treatment and support from family membe rs and friends. It is important, to understand the effects that alcoholism can bring to the alcoholic and to the family members. Some of these effects cause healthRead MoreThe Effects of Alcohol Abuse1472 Words   |  6 Pagesdoing things they should not. Alcohol is one of those things. Alcohol is extremely easy to get ahold of. It can be attained from anywhere; there are bars and liquor stores on every corner. One can get alcohol in grocery stores, gas stations, people can even brew it themselves if they know how. Alcohol that is commonly abused comes in a large variety ranging from weaker alcohols like wine and beer to stronger substances like tequila and vodka. When one abuses alcohol it taints the minds of even theRead MoreAlcoholism should be banned772 Words   |  4 PagesTASK 1 Topic: Alcohol consumption should be banned. Argue for or against the statement. Argument For Topic sentence: Alcohol consumption should be banned Supporting ideas: 1. Effects of alcohol abuse in your body 2. How does alcohol affect family life’s 3. The effects of drinking and driving Task 2 Rough draft In my personal opinion I am in favour of alcohol being banned. I am a victim of alcoholic parents , so I can relate to the difficulties that I was faced withRead MoreWhat are the Causes of Alcholism and How Can We Prevent It? Essay1083 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout history alcohol has been a common drink in social and celebration environments. However in today’s society it is easily accessible, very cheap, and advertised on every channel available. Alcohol has taken over our society, from teenagers to seniors, everyone is exposed to the culture of drinking. That is not the issue though, the issue is in today’s society gluttony is a common virtue and many people take drinking beyond social and celebration environments. Many Americans suffer from aRead MoreAlcoholism and Alcohol Abuse1082 Words   |  5 Pagesan addiction to alcohol. This drug can be a mild to chronic addiction and sometimes can turn out fatal for some people (Chakraburtty). Almost 100,000 people have died from overusing this drug (Chakraburtty). Alcoholism and alcohol abuse is not only damaging emotionally, physically, and mentally to the person who is doing it, but to the people around them as well. Both alcoholism and alcohol abuse are each categorized as different cases. Alcohol abuse is different from alcoholism because people whoRead MoreSoc 203 social problems1286 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Alcoholism: A Social Problem I. Introduction Alcoholism is a major social problem that not only has an impact on the life of an alcoholic, but family members as well as society. Alcoholism is the third most common mental illness that affects more than 17 million people in the United States according to the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse. Alcoholism does not discriminate against age, race nor gender. II. Scope Alcoholism is defined as a disorder

Discreate Math Solution Essay Sample free essay sample

Bob and Thelma Mellankamp had frequently dreamed of get downing their ain concern. As college pupils in the 1970s while on their manner to an economics category. Bob and Thelma drove by Myrtle’s Family Restaurant and noticed a â€Å"for sale† mark in the window. Bob and Thelma realized that their dream could come true if they purchased the eating house. After doing agreements to buy the concern. Hoosier Burger Restaurant was born. This is a medium sized eating house that still does concern the same manner it did when it originally opened ; all paperwork is done by manus. Thelma and Bob need the benefits of buying a computing machine system. Bob needs to larn about alternate patterns and looks into engaging a adviser. Use the SDLC attack to Hoosier Burger. Systems planning and choice: The first stage of the SDLC in which an organization’s entire information system demands are analyzed and arranged. We will write a custom essay sample on Discreate Math Solution Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page and in which a possible information systems undertaking is identified and an statement for go oning or non go oning with the undertaking is presented. Due to frequent mistakes in the Hoosier Burger current system of manus written records. Bob Mellankamp has decided to automatize his stock list control. client ordination. and direction coverage systems. Bob wants to hold electronic entree to calculating information. stock list use. and basic gross revenues information to better truth of stock list and do better concern determinations. Systems analysis: Phase of the SDLC in which the current system is studied and alternate replacing systems are proposed. Currently Hoosier’s is utilizing a pen and paper based system. This system is inherently debatable because of the human factor which generates mistakes with small or no information trail. Hoosier’s is in demand of a system that will be tied into the stock list to better track client orders and stock list stock degrees. This will let Hoosiers to supply better service and maintain an accurate stock list which will forestall over purchasing or under purchasing. leting for a better net income border. Systems design: Phase of the SDLC in which the system chosen for development in systems analysis is first described independently of any computing machine platform ( logical design ) and is so transformed into technology-specific inside informations ( physical design ) from which all scheduling and system building can be accomplished. ( Valacich 18 ) Hoosiers would profit from researching Point of Gross saless Systems ( POS ) . They would profit from the POS because it will be straight connected to the stock list of the eating house and let for accurate gross revenues matching and inventory use. Improper stock list ordination can be a thing of the yesteryear. Systems execution and operation: Concluding stage of the SDLC in which the information system is coded. tested. and installed in the organisation. and in which the information system is consistently repaired and improved. ( Valacich 18 ) The Point Of Sale is a system that is used throughout the eating house. This computerized system allows concern proprietors to track gross revenues. hard currency flow. nutrient stock list and can assist simplify Hoosiers bookkeeping tremendously. In the terminal all facets of Hoosier Burger are repaired and improved. Hoosier Burger’s current information systems. stock list control. client ordination. and direction coverage systems are presently tracked with pen and paper. Bob presently receives bringings at the restaurant’s back door and so updates a stock log signifier. All order are written on an order ticket. totaled on the hard currency registry. and so passed to the kitchen where the orders are prepared. Bob tallies the order tickets every night and makes accommodations to stock list. Hoosier Burger has an established aim of get downing a concern. They rapidly acted upon the desire to open the concern and established their current method of information systems. They finally realized the failing of the current information systems procedure. Hoosier Burger did non execute any methodological analysis when developing their concern. They seem to be winging by the place of their bloomerss. It isn’t until they discovered the mistakes in their system of tracking and describing. Hoosier Burger should utilize the Joint Application Design to develop their future information systems. The Hoosier Burger undertaking was ab initio identified by the direction squad of Bob and Thelma. but they have since deferred to a development group. The development group determined the possible benefits that the Hoosier Burger undertaking is viewed as bettering net incomes. client service. etc. . and the continuance of these benefits. ( Valacich 96 ) The focal point of the undertaking will has been stressed by Bob as the importance of bettering Hoosier Burger’s stock list control. client ordination. and direction coverage systems. The paperss that are most likely to be available are the concern signifiers. This is chiefly because. even the simplest of business’s usage some simple concern signifier. whether it be an bill. reception or an order signifier. Joint Application Design is the most appropriate method for Hoosier Burger. The primary intent of utilizing JAD in the analysis stage is to roll up systems demands at the same time from the cardinal people involved with the system. The consequence is an intense and structured. but extremely effectual. procedure. Having all the cardinal people together in one topographic point at one clip allows analysts to see the countries of understanding and the countries of struggle. Meeting with all these of import people for over a hebdomad of intense Sessionss allows you the chance to decide struggles or at least to understand why a struggle may non be simple to decide. ( Valacich 148-149 ) Based upon the information provided in the instance scenario. Hoosier Burger will necessitate to track and hive away repetition clients every bit good as their clients who have been authorized a monthly charge for their orders. This is normally known as a Net 30 history. The properties that need to be identified for each entity are the client name. history type ( i. e. Net 30 history. etc†¦ ) . order history and charge history. The specific identifier for each client would be the Customer ID. Customer Name. Customer Address. and the Customer Phone figure. I applied Rule figure two when choosing my identifier. Rule figure two provinces. take a campaigner key such that. for each case of the entity. the property is guaranteed to hold valid values and non be null. To guarantee valid values. you may hold to include particular controls in informations entry and care modus operandis to extinguish the possibility of mistakes. If the campaigner key is a combination of two or more properties. do certain that all parts of the key have valid values. If Hoosier Burger continues to overhaul and follow the attempts of the confer withing house they will hold continued success good into the hereafter. Bob and Thelma’s dream of having a eating house will hold come to finish fruition and earn them economic success for old ages to come. System analysis and design has allowed their concern to turn and be successful in more ways than they could hold perchance dreamed.

ITM Assignment Environmental Analysis Essay Example

ITM Assignment Environmental Analysis Paper The population of Singapore is 5,399,200, and keep Unceasing The transparency International is important for a country, because it can sends powerful information to reflect a countrys government. According to the corruption perceptions index, the daily reality for people be showing clearly, it provide the score of the county, and the relationship between the government and citizens. The business will be easier in a country that people happy with their government. In Singapore, the government corruption index is low, therefore, the social society is more stability, its a good signal for TWIG many chose Singapore. Singapore is one of the highest income countries in the world, Is important for TWIG company, because TV as the most expensive tea, be known as the luxury brand which is offering in the five star hotels. The world Luxury/ is defined as something can bring pleasure and happiness, not considered about a necessity. (Dictionary, 2010). High income level stands for the people already take care about their daily life. According to Masons Hierarchy of needs, at the time people get more money, the needs for them life also change. Singapore as a high income level country, the customers not only have the ability to pay the luxury, but also need luxury to rich their life. The company can be more successful if they can adapt products and services to prevalent coloratura conditions. (Kaplan ITEM study guide, p. 75) Singapore as a country which has 75% of Chinese, the cultural influenced by Chinese deeply. China is the country known as the town of tea, the tea-culture is already in their daily life. We will write a custom essay sample on ITM Assignment Environmental Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on ITM Assignment Environmental Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on ITM Assignment Environmental Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer TWIG company as a company selling the tea as the key product, needs the customer prefer drink tea in their daily life. Further more, Singapore as a country have the fast life styles, people armorial finish their work efficiently, and having a cup of tea in the afternoon is becoming a habit for the white collars. Therefore, Singapore is undoubtedly the best choice for TWIG to invest. Technology is also important for an organization to consider about the country. In Singapore, the Internet usage is high, which means TING should develop their advertising by using Internet, and selling their tea through on-line store. As the development of the technology and society, the people are used to pay their bill by credit card on- line or use the card machine. So the next strategic step for TWIG tea company would be offer credit promotion. Immigration laws are liberal for talent foreigners is an important factor to a developing company. In Singapore, it is not difficult to get work licenses . Therefore, a company no need to worry about the lack of workers. The currency in Singapore is higher than its neighbor countries, the foreigners work in Singapore can earn the higher salaries than they work in their own country. It will help an organization looking for the overseas staffs easily. TWIG as an international company, needs lots of foreigners work for them, because Singapore is an attractive entry, TWIG have more chance to choose their staffs from all over the world. In echo-environment factor, Singapore beautiful landscape was been mentioned in the table above. The natural landscape is important because it is the reason to attract tourism. FIJI offering over 1 ,OHO single estate fine harvest teas, can easily satisfy travelers from around the world. After the tourism come back to their own country, they become the free advertisement for TWIG tea, the popularity can be improved at the same time. Porters 5 forces can be defined as the model to identify and analyze 5 nominative forces that shape every industry, and it will help determine an industrys weaknesses and strengths. (Dictionary, 2010) porters 5 forces including threat of new entrants, threat of substitute products, bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of buyers, and competitive rivalry. Porters 5 forces analysis is the way to collect the information, but not the test of industry. In this report, Porters 5 forces is going to analyze the tea industry in Singapore, and find out the tea industrys weakness and strengths. Here is another table showing the Porters 5 forces analysis, below the table, here are several details to explain the figure, and followed by the overall opinion about whether the tea industry is attractive in Singapore, and where is the weakness part of tea industry in Singapore. Porters 5 forces analysis of tea industry The threat of new entrants is low; tea industry is attractive in this factor. There is no organization like competition, threat of new entrants is low means the competition is low. Threat of new entrants is low because of 3 reasons; first of all, the cost of entry is high. Although Singapore government supports private business, but the license will costs a lot and the process is implicated; secondly, avgas as the local brand, almost make up the whole tea market in Singapore, is difficult for other company to join. Thirdly, the government regulation is strict. The ledge in Singapore have a high standard for food and drink, its not easy to looking for the tea source, but INNING has a long history in Singapore, not only experience, and also have lots of place to get the tea leaves. The threat of substitutes products is high, tea industry is not attractive in this factor. Because there are lots of options for people to choose a drink. Such as water, soft drinks, wines, beers, and juices. Compared tit other substitutes products, tea is the only one need time to prepare, its not convenient enough. Other drinks can served by bottle, keep in the fridge. Tea needs tea pot and tea cups to prepare, after tea become cold, the taste will not be as good as before. But TWIG company come up with a good idea to solve this problem. The team creative the cold tea, which prepared in a special way, not only keep the teas special smell, and also suitable in tropical weather. (TWIG tea history, 201 3) The only deficiency is cold tea still need time to prepare. The bargaining power of suppliers is low, tea industry is attractive n this factor. Singapore is near by China, and there is lots of tea garden in China, TWIG can enjoy the cheap tea source and also the cheap workforce. China also famous for the tea, they have special The bargaining power Of buyers is low, tea industry is attractive in this factor. TING is the only one that selling tea as the luxury brand, Singapore is the county have a high income level. Lots of people need a place to consume, Duvets offering their tea in five star hotels, offering a comfortable environment at the same time. The number of the buyers is big, and the number of competitors is small. The competitive rivalry is weak, tea industry is attractive in this factor. There are 2 reasons, firstly, the competitors are weak. TWIG tea company is the local brand in Singapore, the TWIG brand build for celebrating the islands great history as a trading post for teas. (TWIG tea history, 2013) TWIG have a strong history on Singapore, in other words, TWIG tea brand is growing with Singapore. Secondly, tea industry growth is slow. Overall, the tea industry is attractive in Singapore, only need to improve the way to prepare the tea, make tea become a convenient drink. There are 4 strategic recommendations will be described in order to solve the problems that be mentioned from PELT LEE and Porters 5 forces analysis. The first two strategic recommendations focus on adapt the Singapore developed technology, first of all, for on-line shopping, as the development of technology, NIGH tea company should start building the official on-line shops, the on-line shops not only selling the tea for the costumers, but also introduce the history of TWIG tea company to the overseas customer. The purpose to build the on-line store is to offer more convenient services. The second step should focus on the credit card users, according to the research, Singapore credit card usage is high, each person have at least 1 credit card in their daily life, they also used to use credit card to pay the bill. Therefore, a relevant promotion is necessary for now. TWIG tea company can offer special price for the credit card users, or do some charity social actions when the customers use credit card pay the bill. The third recommendation is develop process of tea making, including the tea growing and tea preparing. Make sure the customers can enjoy the TWIG tea in a convenient way.

Free Essays on Meiji Restoration

rusting propped up against their desks as they kept the accounts of their lords. Many of these Samurai ceased being able to make a reasonable living so they went into debt to the merchants. The merchants, who were at the very bottom of the Confucian hierarchy, began to have more and more power over the Samurai who were in their debt. Merchants, once scorned under the Confucian hierarchy, became more powerful as Japan’s barter economy gave away to a new money economy. The hustle of the merchants turned the world of the Samurai upside down. Japan was a society about to explode. The coming of the West had struck the spark. In 1853, four American war ships steamed up the bay near Yedo. Commanded by Commodore Perry, the Americans had come to open up Japan. They wanted water and coal for their whaling ships and china trade. The Japanese were astounded at the power of Perry’s vessels. They called them black ships for the ominous smoke that billow... Free Essays on Meiji Restoration Free Essays on Meiji Restoration The Meiji Restoration For two centuries Japan had been locked away from the outside world. By 1615, after a century of civil war, the powerful Lord Tokugawa had defeated his enemies and declared himself Shogun, ruler of all Japan. Tokugawa divided society into four ranks: at the bottom were the merchants; then came the artisans; just above them were the farmers, who gave up half their rice harvest to those at the top, the Samurai. Only Samurai had the right to carry swords. The law of the land set them apart. The Tokugawa Shogunate was a kingdom built for war that began to crumble after 200 years of peace. It was the most orderly place imaginable. It was a completely schematized society where everybody knew who he was and what he had to do. But, in fact, because it was so idealized and so orderly and so tidy, history got away from it. The Samurai were the elite in the Tokugawa system - had not been allowed to raise its swords for 200 years. In between, had become civil servants, swords rusting propped up against their desks as they kept the accounts of their lords. Many of these Samurai ceased being able to make a reasonable living so they went into debt to the merchants. The merchants, who were at the very bottom of the Confucian hierarchy, began to have more and more power over the Samurai who were in their debt. Merchants, once scorned under the Confucian hierarchy, became more powerful as Japan’s barter economy gave away to a new money economy. The hustle of the merchants turned the world of the Samurai upside down. Japan was a society about to explode. The coming of the West had struck the spark. In 1853, four American war ships steamed up the bay near Yedo. Commanded by Commodore Perry, the Americans had come to open up Japan. They wanted water and coal for their whaling ships and china trade. The Japanese were astounded at the power of Perry’s vessels. They called them black ships for the ominous smoke that billow...

The Meaning of National Accounts in International Economics

The Meaning of National Accounts in International Economics National accounts  or national account systems (NAS) are defined as a measure of macroeconomic categories of production and purchase in a nation. These systems are essentially methods of accounting used to measure the economic activity of a country based on an agreed upon framework and set of accounting rules. National accounts are specifically intended to present specific economic data in such a way as to facilitate analysis and even policy-making. National Accounts Requires Double-Entry Accounting The specific methods of accounting used in national account systems are characterized by a completeness and consistency that is required by detailed double-entry bookkeeping, also known as double-entry accounting. Double-entry bookkeeping is aptly named as it calls for every entry to an account to have a corresponding and opposite entry into a different account. In other words, for every account credit there must be an equal and opposite account debit and vice versa. This system utilizes the simple accounting equation as its basis: Assets - Liabilities Equity. This equation holds that the sum of all debits must equal the sum of all credits for all accounts, else an accounting error has occurred. The equation itself is a means of error detection in double-entry accounting, but it will only detect value errors, which is to say that ledgers that pass this test are not necessarily free of error. Despite the simplistic nature of the concept, double-entry bookkeeping in practice is a tedious task requiring great attention to detail. Common mistakes include crediting or debiting the incorrect account or simply confusing the debit and credit entries entirely. While national account systems hold in common  many of the same principles of business bookkeeping, these systems actually based in economic concepts. Ultimately, national accounts are not simply national balance sheets, rather they present a comprehensive account of some the most complicated economic activities. National Accounts and Economic Activity The systems of national accounting measure output, expenditure, and income of all major economic players in the nations economy from households to corporations to the nations government.  The production categories of national accounts are usually defined as output in currency units by various industry categories plus imports. Output is usually approximately the same as industry revenue. The purchase or expenditure categories, on the other hand, generally include government, investment, consumption, and exports, or some subsets of these. National account systems also incorporate measurement of the changes in assets, liabilities, and net worth. National Accounts and Aggregate Values Perhaps the most widely recognized values measured in national accounts are the aggregate measures like gross domestic product  or GDP. Even among non-economists, GDP is a familiar measure of the size of the economy and aggregate economic activity. Though national accounts provide a plethora of economic data, it is still these aggregate measures like GDP and, of course, their evolution over time that is of most interest to economists and policymakers as these aggregates concisely present some of the most important information about a nations economy.

What is origin of christianity Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What is origin of christianity - Case Study Example In order to do that, it is important to know what Christianity is. And in order to discover the essence of Christianity, one must first understand its history. This study hopes to discover the origins of Christianity. Its higher goal is to show Christians today what they have in common. Through a review of the history of Christianity, people from various religious denominations to discover the legacy of Christ and understand that this image of Christ is the representation of what we are striving for as species. This study will look at published articles and books detailing the history of Christianity – from its founding to its breakup roughly 500 years ago. It looks at the reformation and the rise of Protestantism in order to appreciate the characteristics of the new Catholic Church and the Anglican. Some materials which will be used for this study includes books and peer-reviewed articles that answers the questions above. Biblical quotes will also be used and compared with historical events so as to provide context and to answer the abovementioned

Company Law liability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Company Law liability - Essay Example He manages the business individually. By passage of time the business expands and the business activities will expand. When such business expansion takes place it will become difficult for the Sole Trader to manage with the business. At this time the sole trader needs some more people to help him and share both investment and also returns of his business. This necessitates the conversion of Sole Trade to Partnership form of business where two or more people come together and enter into a deed of partnership agreeing to carry on the business jointly by investing. They share both the profits and loss of the partnership according their share of investment or as mutually agreed by them. The partnership firm need not be a conversion of sole trader. It can be formed directly by two or more persons join together with a common objective and mutual agreement. In the partnership firm the liability of the partners is unlimited, their personal property is also liable for discharge of firm's debt s. The further expansion of partnership firm inviting more capital to cop up the expansion of the business necessitates formation of a limited company. In a limited company funds are pooled from the public in the form of shares. The amount so pooled is known as share capital. Again this limited company need not be a conversion of partnership firm. It can be directly formed. As it is seen that... 1. Limited liability: In a Public limited company the liability of the share holders is limited to the extent of share capital of the individual share holders, where as in a partnership firm the liability of the partners is extended to their personal property. Eg: If a shareholder holding one share whose face value is 10. His liability is limited to 10. 1. Decision Making: In a company major business policy decisions are taken in the meeting of the board of directors in a democratic way. This will give good productive and efficient decisions which leads to business prosperity. When compared to the partnership firm where the partners take the decisions either individually or jointly. 2. Borrowing powers: A limited company will have more borrowing powers than the partnership firm. The company can borrow the funds from shareholders, financial institutions and any other sources as per the decisions taken in the board's meeting. 3. Investment: The shareholders come forward easily to invest in a public limited company in the form of shares or debentures since the liability is limited. 4. Perpetual existence: Public Limited Company is having a unique feature of perpetual existence. Though the shareholders join and leave the company remains existence. The shareholder's either leaving or causing death do not effect the existence of the company. This is called as perpetual existence. 5. Transferability of shares: Another unique advantage of Public Limited Company is the free transferability of shares. This feature attracts the Public in investing in the company. With this feature the shareholders can transfer their shares freely as and when they wish. Disadvantages: Every business setup has its own disadvantages too. The Public Limited

Empirical evidence to support the theoretical framework Essay Example for Free

Empirical evidence to support the theoretical framework Essay Wolfgang and Ferracuti present a general a general version of this subculture of violence thesis, which was drawn on Sutherland’s differential association theory, as well as other approaches, in order to explain why certain groups have higher rates of violence (Cote, 2002 p. 88). The subculture of Violence theory relied to some extent on Wolfgang’s earlier study of homicide in Philadelphia. Wolfgang had found that a significant number of homicides that occurred among lower-class people seemed to result from very trivial events that took on great importance because of mutually held expectations about how people would behave (Waters, 2006 p. 62). The authors of the theory began their work by presenting a variety of propositions and constitute the thesis, ranging from psychoanalytic theories of aggression, medical and biological studies, the frustration-aggression hypothesis, containment theory, child-rearing practices, and social learning and conditioning propositions. Wolfgang and Ferracuti has pointed out that the subculture of violence approve of violence unconditionally and that violence is not necessarily supported by all members of sub-society (Cote, 2002 p.88). One case presentation is provided in which the theoretical framework of subculture of violence is depicted. States that have a higher population of black people but low in white homicide rates, such as Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, contain a large proportion of blacks who come from the South (Hazlehurst and Hazlehurst, 1998 p. 36; Smith and Berlin, 1998 p. 268). On the other hand, the states in which the migrant blacks were reared also show a high white homicide rates. Critically analyzing these facts, one can infer that in the Southern states, there is a subculture of violence more intensive than in other parts of our country, which is shared by both black and white races and which is carries North by both races when they migrate to these new areas (Smith and Berlin, 1998 p. 268). As an example, the analysis of racial stands and status present in the United States, trivial insults are expected to be met with violence, and failure to respond in this way is met with social censure from the peer group adapted this theory to explain violence among American Blacks (Cote, 2002 p. 88; Hazlehurst and Hazlehurst, 1998 p. 36). Maintenance of a manly image is important in the subculture, and individuals who are unable to resolve conflicts verbally are more likely to resort to violence in order to assert their masculinity. Behavior is partly a response to social conditions, and partly the result of an individual’s acceptance of the ideas and values which he has absorbed from the subculture of violence (Hazlehurst and Hazlehurst, 1998 p. 36). Critiques on Subculture of Violence Theory. Fine and Kelinman (1979) have offered a general critique of the notion of subculture as it is used by social scientists. Many of their criticisms are relevant fir understanding the limitations of subculture of violence theory. They note that problems in previous subculture research include (1) a confusion of the ideas of subculture and sub-society, (2) the lack of a meaningful referent for subculture, (3) the homogeneity and stasis associated with the concept, and (4) the emphasis on defining subcultures in terms of values and central themes. They suggest that the subculture construct, to be of maximal usefulness, needs to be linked to processes of interaction among members of groups (Greene and Gabbidon, 2000 p. 133). In addition, it would be difficult to support an argument that a subculture exists in relation to a single cultural interest, and the thesis of a subculture of violence does not suggest a monolithic character (Bean, 2003 p. 229). Tedeschi and Felson (1994), for instance, were unable to identify a community or subculture that placed a positive value on violence. Furthermore, the subculture of violence hypothesis has been criticized on the grounds that it makes a circular argument (Walters, 2002 p. 81-82). Darnell Hawkins (1983) offered a number of criticisms of the subculture of violence theory that could apply equally to other â€Å"cultural† theories (Mann, 1993 p. 115-116): 1. There is an overemphasis on individual value orientations which, when aggregated, are said to generate a subculture. 2. The theory is not empirically grounded and is challenged by some research findings. 3. A great deal of the theory underemphasizes a number of structural, situational, and institutional factors that affect interpersonal violence; for example, for African Americans such factors extend from historical patterns evolving from slavery to the ramifications of an individual homicide, to the manner in which the criminal justice system operates. 4. The theory downplays the effects of the law on criminal homicide patterns. 5. In addition to the implanting of values, there are other possible ways that the social, economic, and political disadvantages faced by African Americans may lead to high homicide rates. Criticisms of the theoretical framework are subjected to various differentiations of human totality. The primary domain associated in the theoretical framework itself is the concept that subculture is the prime effectors of criminal and deviant behavior occurrence, which is not always and not entirely factual. As the statement of criminal governance and behavioral psychology implies, there are still various organizations and domains present in the both intra and inter-personal human attributes, such as physical nature, cognitive capacity and status, moral perspectives, environmental strains and stresses present, and the social conflicts that cover broad scope of conceptualities. Conclusions. In the summary of the theoretical framework presented, Subculture of Violence Theory by Marvin Wolfgang and Italian criminologist Franco Ferracuti (1976), has produced significant contributions in explaining how social community of subculture and violence affects the behavioral deviancy. The major point of the theoretical framework emphasizes more on violent behaviors resulted by a sub-cultural environment that encourages and legalize violent behavioral patterns. The theory assumed that violence only occurs if violence itself is intrinsically present in the community, and eventually, encourage its occurrence. If the subculture engages in behavioral conflicts of violence, chances are, the individuals involved in such acts or those that are indirectly related to the occurrence of that act shall primarily be influence to redo the violent behavior due to the concept of violence-legalizations. The theoretical framework has been based in the reflection of lower-class norms and a learned response to the pressures encountered in lower-class living, empirical support for the existence of impoverished inner-city areas, and the homicide occurrences in African Americans and whites. The social policy implicated involves mainly the racial equity between the races exampled. Reference Bean, P. (2003). Crime. Routledge. Cote, S. (2002). Criminological Theories: Bridging the Past to the Future. Sage Publications Inc. Flowers, R. B. (2002). Kids Who Commit Adult Crimes: Serious Criminality by Juvenile Offenders. Haworth Press. Greene, H. , Gabbidon, S. L. (2000). African American Criminological Thought. SUNY Press. Hazzlehurst, K. M. , Hazzlehurst, C. (1998). Gangs and Youth Subcultures: International Explorations. Transaction Publishers. Heitmeyer, G. F. , Hagan, J. (2003). International Handbook of Violence Research. Springer. Lee etal, M. (2003). Solution-Focused Treatment of Domestic Violence Offenders. Oxford University Press. Mann, C. (1993). Unequal Justice: A Question of Color. Indiana University Press. Smith, A. B. , Berlin, L. (1998). Treating the Criminal Offender. Springer. Vito etal, G. F. (2007). Criminology: Theory, Research, And Policy. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Volavka, J. (2002). Neurobiology of Violence. American Psychiatric Pub. Walters, G. D. (2002). Criminal Belief Systems: An Integrated-Interactive Theory of Lifestyles. Praeger/Greenwood. Waters, N. (2006). Ten List for School Safety: Teach These Laws to Safeguard Generations. Tate Publishing. Wolfgang, M. (2001). The Subculture Of Violence: Towards an Integrated Theory in Criminology. Routledge.

Shakespeares Hamlet Essay: Comparison of Gertrude and Ophelia :: comparison compare contrast essays

Comparison of Gertrude and Ophelia within Hamlet      Ã‚   Shakespeare developed 126 female characters in his dramas. In his tragedy Hamlet there are Ophelia and Gertrude. This essay will explore the similarities or commonality of these two characters.    One obvious feature which both Ophelia and Gertrude have in common is that they are both recipients of Hamlet’s ill-will. T.S. Elliot in his essay, â€Å"Hamlet and His Problems† explains how Gertrude is the object of the protagonist’s disgust:    Hamlet is up against the difficulty that his disgust is occasioned by his mother, but that his mother is not an adequate equivalent for it; his disgust envelops and exceeds her. (25)    L.C. Knight in â€Å"An Approach to Hamlet,† agreeing with T. S. Eliot, comments on the â€Å"obsessive passion† which the prince exercises in his chastisement of Gertrude:    I am of course aware that what Hamlet says to his mother in the Closet scene may be regarded as part of a necessary and proper attempt to break the alliance between her and the smiling murderer; but through it all runs the impure streak of the indulgence of an obsessive passion.[. . .] If with genuine, even with passionate, concern, you want to help someone in great need, someone in desperate ignorance of his true condition, do you, I wonder, say, â€Å"This is what you are: see how ugly you look†? Well, perhaps you may; but certainly not in such a way that you seem about to make an aggressive attack. (70)    In similar fashion, Ophelia is verbally abused by the hero; and this episode is elaborated on in detail later. In the Introduction to Twentieth Century Interpretations of Hamlet, David Bevington enlightens the reader regarding the similarities between Gertrude and Ophelia as the hero sees them:    Yet to Hamlet, Ophelia is no better than another Gertrude: both are tender of heart but submissive to the will of importunate men, and so are forced into uncharacteristic vices. Both would be other than what they are, and both receive Hamlet’s exhortations to begin repentance by abstaining from pleasure. â€Å"Get thee to a nunnery†; â€Å"Assume a virtue if you have it not.† (9)    As Bevington says, both Gertrude and Ophelia are â€Å"tender of heart,† motivated by love and a desire for quiet familial harmony among the members of their courtly society in Elsinore. At the first social function in the play, Gertrude is motivated out of love for her son to advise:

Existentialism vs. Phenomenology Essay

Existentialism vs. Phenomenology and the response to Hegelian Idealism Absolute idealism was a huge part of Western culture but through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries the greatest political movement took place. Marxism was this great political movement. The movement had an affect on theology and art. Jean-Paul Sartre, a continental philosopher who lived in the nineteenth century was an existentialist. Some of the main themes of extentialism are: †¢ Traditional and academic philosophy is sterile and remote from the concerns of real life. †¢ Philosophy must focus on the individual in her or his confrontation with the world. †¢ The world is irrational (or, in any event, beyond total comprehending or accurate conceptualizing through philosophy). †¢ The world is absurd, in the sense that no ultimate explanation can be given for why it is the way it is. †¢ Senselessness, emptiness, triviality, separation, and inability to communicate pervade human existence, giving birth to anxiety, dread, self-doubt, and despair. †¢ The individual confronts, as the most important fact of human existence, the necessity to choose how he or she is to live within this absurd and irrational world. (Moore-Bruder, 2005) The extentialist believed that there was no answer to the existential predicament. They say life can only deteriorate and without struggling through life a person can find no meaning or value to the life they lead. Some of these themes had already been introduce before Jean-Paul Sartre came up the additions. The philosophers, Arthur Schopenhauer, Soren Kierkegaard, and Friedrich Nietzsche were the contributors to these themes. All three had a strong distaste for the optimistic idealism of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and for metaphysical systems in general. Such philosophy, they thought, ignored the human predicament. For all three the universe, including its human inhabitants, is seldom rational, and philosophical systems that seek to make everything seem rational are just futile attempts to overcome pessimism and despair. Soren Keirkegaard’s fundamental question in life was is there anything in this world or outside it to which the individual can cling to keep from being swept away by the dark tides of despair? He was as almost entirely concerned with how and what the individual actually chooses in the face of doubt and uncertainty. He thought the only way to be grated relief from despair was to have a total commitment to God. Friedrich Nietzsche was convinced that the world was run by a cosmic force and that it is driven by will to power or will power. This way of thinking was quite different from Keirkegarrd. Nietsche believed you had to control your own destiny and seize what was yours. He led a more exciting life, a more passionate one. Keirkegaard was very depressed and spent most of his life battling despair but found comfort in God. Nietzsche used to say â€Å"Which is it, is man one of God’s blunders or is God one of man’s? † While both of these men had different views from each other they agreed to disagree with extentialism. Existentialism as a philosophical movement was something of a direct reaction to perceived social ills and was embraced by artists and writers as much as by philosophers So it is not surprising that two of the greatest existentialist philosophers, Albert Camus and Jean-Paul Sartre, wrote drama, novels, and political tracts as well as philosophical works. Phenomenology interests itself in the essential structures found within the stream of conscious experience—the stream of phenomena—as these structures manifest themselves independently of the assumptions and presuppositions of science. (Moore-Bruder, 2005) Phenomenology, much more than existentialism, has been a product of philosophers rather than of artists and writers. But like existentialism, phenomenology has had enormous impact outside philosophical circles. It has been especially influential in theology, the social and political sciences, and psychology and psychoanalysis. Phenomena is the distinction between the way something is immediately experienced and the way it â€Å"is. † Both Hegel and Kant were philosophers of Phenomenology. Also, Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger were phenomenologists. Husserl introduced transcendental phenomenology, whose purpose it was to investigate phenomena To investigate phenomena in this way is to â€Å"bracket† or â€Å"exclude† one’s presupposition about the existence or nature of an â€Å"external† or â€Å"physical† or â€Å"objective† world. Husserl called this process phenomenological reduction without making any assumptions about the world. Heidegger, too, was convinced that it was necessary to look at things with fresh eyes, unshrouded by the presuppositions of the present and past. According to Heidegger, we are basically ignorant about the thing that matters most: the true nature of Being. It is usually with reference to his earlier work that Heidegger is sometimes called an existentialist. Heidegger himself resisted this appellation. Yet he was very much influenced by Kierkegaard and Nietzsche, and the concern expressed in his early works with such existentialist themes as fear, dread, meaninglessness, and death is quite evident. Sartre studied in Germany for a brief time in the 1930s and was influenced by Heidegger. Sartre attributed the concept of abandonment to Heidegger, and Sartre and Heidegger both were concerned with the concepts of bad faith, authenticity, a life’s project, and others. In philosophy it is true that each view even if they are opposing influence one another. In the last third of the twentieth century, diverse Continental voices were raised against what they saw as suspicious assumptions about the meaning of right and wrong, the nature of language, and the very possibility of human self-understanding. Some Continental philosophers have been suspicious about Western metaphysical systems that they claim lead to the manipulation of nature or that set up a certain ethnic or cultural perspective as absolute truth. As the years go by new philosophers try to prove the others wrong and so is the development of philosophy always on going. Reference Moore-Bruder. 2005. Metaphysics and Epistemology: Existence and Knowledge: The Continental Tradition. The Power of Ideas, Sixth Edition. Mc-Graw Hill.

Ethical Considerations For Testing Essay

There have been many debates throughout the years regarding ethics and when, where and how they are to be used. Many people are unsure of how ethical beliefs should be combined with the proper ways of instructing and testing. Is it ethical to give someone a test if they are not prepared for that test? In the real world, if an individual is not prepared for a certain business meeting, they can simply reschedule. This is the controversy that comes to mind when ethics and testing are combined. Many people believe that there is no ethical considerations given for testing. It is thought by some that students are forced to take a specific test that they are, in fact not ready for, which would prove to be very unethical. However, each curriculum and test is based on things that each student should have already been made aware of during the duration of classes. Therefore, they are, in fact, ready to complete the test. Ethics is overall, a major branch of philosophy, which encompasses and deals with good living and the right conduct. Where there are many different forms of ethics such as business ethics, being thical basically means making the correct and proper decisions. The proper decision concerning testing procedures and the way they are distributed is quite simple. First, the student is taught the material that is to be on the test. Next, the student is to study this material so it is memorized to an extent in their head, given an appropriate amount of time, which usually entails about a week or so. Finally, once all of the criteria has been fully absorbed, and the teacher feels that the content hat is being taught has been sufficiently learned, a test will be given. This test is simply to ensure that the content that was discussed in classed has been effectively learned by the students. It is to my belief that it is not considered unethical for a test to be given simply because a student complains that they were not prepared enough. The teacher has already gone through the necessary preparations for the test, and the rest of the studying is left up to the student to ensure that they are prepared. It is, in fact, true that in the real world if a person working has been scheduled a specific or certain meeting, that they can simply reschedule that meaning if they do not feel they are appropriately prepared enough. Ethically, the proper decision for this person would be to reschedule their business appointment. However, it is not ethical for a student to attempt to reschedule a test unless they have substantial reason for doing so. Examples of such reasoning would be having missed a few days of school due to a sickness.

The Envious Role in “Roman Fever” Essays

The Envious Role in â€Å"Roman Fever† Essays The Envious Role in â€Å"Roman Fever† Paper The Envious Role in â€Å"Roman Fever† Paper The fine line between the fear of the unknown and what is known can sometimes become blurred. In the short story â€Å"Roman Fever†, Edith Wharton does just that by telling the story of two ladies who were ‘childhood friends’. Both are recently widowed, and encounter each other in Rome by coincidence while traveling abroad with their daughters Jenny and Barbara. One of the ladies, Alida Slade, has long suspected that her intimate friend, Grace Ansley was involved with her fiance many years ago and has been harboring some sort of dark secret about that liaison. As the story unfolds, Mrs. Slade and Mrs. Ansley wonder about the familiar situation they have found themselves and their daughters in while in Rome. The similarity between the two holidays has brought many of Mrs. Slade’s lingering doubts back to the surface. Mrs. Slade’s actions throughout the story are motivated by the fear of what she does not know and the fear of what she suspects to be true. In addition, Mrs. Slade’s inherent dislike of Grace, her feelings of insecurity, jealously, and their current circumstances will force her into revealing a long kept secret of her own that she hopes will reveal the truth she has sought all these years. Mrs. Slade’s peculiar behavior throughout the story is directly motivated by all of these factors. Jealousy and envy have always played a major role in the intertwined lives of Alida Slade and Grace Ansley. The feelings of jealousy and envy date back to when Alida and Grace first met while on a holiday in Rome as younger women. As they begin to reminisce about the onset of their friendship many years ago, they realize that although they have been friends for many years, they are relative strangers. Sitting outside in silence, the two women, â€Å"who have been intimate since childhood, reflect how little they knew each other† (Wharton 1368). Slowly, the reader begins to understand that there had been a subtle, hidden competition for Alida’s fiance, Delphin. Alida worried that Grace was attempting to steal her fiance from her. This fear fuels the jealousy and envy Alida feels towards Grace and the resurfacing of those feelings motivates Alida’s odd behavior of revisiting the past in the story. Although Alida Slade projects an image of well-bred confidence, she is actually very insecure and relentlessly compares her life to that of Grace’s. Seeing as they end up living across the street from one another, the reader soon realizes that although their lives are ironically similar, Alida considers hers to be lacking by comparison. The only big diffence is that of how Alida feels. Grace does not show the same feelings as Alida. From the onset of the story, Alida’s thoughts are in the forefront, while Grace’s thoughts assume a lesser role. The readers automatically make more of a connection with Alida more so than Grace. This leads the readers to feel what Alida is feeling and thinking instead of Grace, allowing more of an eventful feel to the story. Through Wharton’s use of the third person omniscient point of view, the reader senses the underlying competition between the two women. Alida sees Grace and her husband Horace made a â€Å"good-looking, irreproachable, exemplary†, (Wharton 1368) couple, stereotyping them as â€Å"museum specimens of old New York†, (Wharton 1368), which in itself is exactly like her, yet she does not see it. After further analyzing the story, the reader realizes that Alida’s envy of Grace, compounded with her own doubts of fears about the past intensifies her hatred for Grace and her desire for revenge. Alida Slade had long speculated that Grace and her fiance, Delphin, were once romantically involved, and even after all these years married to Delphin, she still feels inferior to Grace because of her doubts. Additionally, since the death of her well known husband, Alida’s life seems dull and she craves the attention that was part of that lifestyle. By creating drama with Grace, she hopes to at long last discover the truth and feed her need for attention at the same time. During the conversation on the terrace, Alida begins to make subtle comments, as if she is trying to make Grace irritated and admit to the affair. These elusive comments eventually substantiate the dramatic conclusion between the two friends, although the reader may miss many of the comments because of their subtlety. Alida mentions a story about Grace’s Great-aunt Harriet that Grace’s mother had once told them. As Grace is commenting on the tale, Alida stops her mid sentence and purposely adds, â€Å"but she really sent her because they were in love with the same man†, (Wharton 1372), as if to nudge Grace’s confession along. As the conversation progress, so does the underlying tension. Alida’s comments to Grace become short and terse, almost to the point where she is bluntly stating her true feelings; something Alida has never done with Grace. Alida wants Grace to admit to the affair with Delphin and when she does not, Alida clearly says, â€Å" You had been out late sight-seeing, hadn’t you? †(Wharton 1373) Grace still does not admit to the affair and Alida finally plays her trump card, telling Grace that is was she who wrote the letter that proposed the secret meeting, not Delphin. An outside source, James Phelan, point of view claims â€Å"Alida seeks to injure Grace and establish her own power over her by telling Grace about the forgery† (343). In other words, Alida knows telling Grace will put the feelings of being jealous and envious out of the way, even if it was momentary, making Alida feel better about herself. Alida craves the powerfulness between the two. In another telling comment, Alida reveals another purpose of her writing the letter. She hoped that Grace would go out into the damp night to supposedly meet Delphin and catch a cold or â€Å"Roman fever† as one would say and be out of the picture for a few weeks, but then goes on to say, â€Å"Of course I never thought you’d die†, (Wharton 1374), subconsciously imitating Great-aunt Harriet story about sisters (or friends) in love with the same man. Alida was motivated by jealousy and fear to attempt to rid herself of Grace. Mrs. Slade’s socio-economic class also indirectly motivates her jealousy of Mrs. Ansley. Wharton often wrote about things that she was familiar with and her lifestyle is reflected in the story â€Å"Roman Fever†. Edith Wharton was â€Å"born to wealth and privileged in the leisured society of the nineteenth-century Old New York† (Benstock vii), as was Alida Slade and Grace Ansley. People from such an entitled background have certain expectations. When these expectations are not fulfilled, people can rebel against their moral upbringing and seek retribution. This is the case with Alida Slade and her desire to feel superior to Grace Ansley. Although Alida does not find out until the end of their time together in Rome, Grace does not feel the same way Alida does seeing as Grace ultimately got whar she wanted. Unfulfilled expectations also feed Alida’s insecurities about the relationship between Grace and Delphin. Alida expects to marry well and continue to lead the lifestyle that she is accustomed to and Grace may have cause a disruption in those plans. Wharton also skillfully convolutes the seemingly separate stories of the two main characters and that of their daughters by comparing illusive similarities and linking Alida’s motivation to both. History seems to be repeating itself when the reader takes a step back from the story and compares the women’s lives and the similar circumstances their daughter’s now are experiencing. Alida envies Grace’s daughter Barbara and in her mind, her own daughter Jenny pales in comparison. She drops hints of her true feeling to Grace when she thinks aloud â€Å"how two such exemplary characters such as you and Horace had managed to produce† a daughter like Babs (Wharton 1371). This not only is a subtle foreshadowing, leading to the ending of the story, but exemplifies exactly how Alida feels. As seen throughout the text, â€Å"This type of resentment toward the envied person, ‘agent-focused resentment’, when the envious person feels that another has acquired superiority unfairly† (Comins 10) provides Alida with added motivation. Alida even catches herself thinking â€Å"Jenny [is] such a perfect daughter that she needed no excessive mothering. ‘Now with Babs Ansley I don’t know that I should be so quiet†, (Wharton 1369). Then when Grace defends her own daughter, Alida very bluntly says, â€Å"I appreciate [Babs]. And perhaps envy you† (Wharton 1371) and â€Å"I have always wanted a brilliant daughter †¦ and never quiet understood why I got an angel instead† (Wharton 1371). Alida is fearful that her daughter will experience the same type of self-doubt she experienced when competing with Grace. Wharton’s title, â€Å"Roman Fever† is symbolic to the story because Roman fever, which used to refer to Malaria, represents the burning desires that are left unstated between the characters. Grace Ansley figuratively developed Roman fever when she burned with love for Delphin. Alida Slade figuratively contracted it when Grace’s love for Delphin filled her with hatred and the desire to seek revenge by writing the letter. Roman fever secretly continues to simmer below the surface for the next twenty-five years. It flares up again when the two friends encounter each other in Rome and the similarities between their daughters and their current situation threatens to make history repeat itself. The â€Å"fever† motivated both women to exorcise the demons from their past, each with the hopes of hurting the other, just as they had been hurt themselves. The reader has to wonder, if Alida had never written the letter in the first place, would any of this had happened? Delphin may have desired Grace, but since he was already engaged to Alida, so he may have never acted upon those desires. That is until Alida wrote to Grace, posing as Delphin and Grace replied. Now, although she has had Delphin all these years, she still feels the need to punish Grace and attempt to recover the feelings of superiority she lost when Delphin died. She subconsciously attempts to achieve this by revealing her secret and fails. This illistrates the age-old saying, â€Å"be careful what you wish for, you just might get it†. : Benstock, Shari. No Gifts from Chance a Biography of Edith Wharton. Austin: University of Texas, 2004. Print. Bowlby, Rachel. â€Å"‘I Had Barbara’: Women’s Ties and Wharton’s ‘Roman Fever’† Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies 17. 3 (2006): 37-51. Print. Comins, Barbara. Outrageous Trap: Envy and Jealousy in Whartons Roman Fever and Fitzgeralds Bernice Bobs Her Hair' Edith Wharton Review 17. 1 (2001): 9-12. Print. Phelan, James. â€Å"Narrative as Rhetoric and Edith Wharton’s Roman Fever: Progression, Configuration, and the Ethics of Surprise. † A Companion to Rhetoric and Rhetorical Criticism. Ed. Walter Jost, and Wendy Olmsted. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. , 2004. 340-353. Print. Wharton, Edith. â€Å"Roman Fever. † The Story and Its Writer: An Introduction to Short Fiction. Ed. Ann Charters. 8th ed. New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2010. 1366-1375. Print.

Tips for Writing Your Dissertation Methodology - Proofed

Tips for Writing Your Dissertation Methodology - Proofed Tips for Writing Your Dissertation’s Methodology Chapter The methodology chapter is one of the most important parts of any dissertation. This is because it’s where you set out your research approach, data-gathering techniques and various other crucial factors. As such, your methodology must be clear, concise and packed with detail. A good methodology chapter will provide a step-by-step breakdown of every stage of your research, ideally so that subsequent researchers would be able to recreate your work at a later date. If that sounds like a lot of pressure, try not to worry: We have a few tips to help make sure that your work fits the scientific bill. And don’t forget that Proofed’s expert proofreaders are available to check your work before handing in, so now there’s no reason that your methodology shouldn’t be perfectly preserved for future scientists! 1. Outline Your Research Approach Your research approach makes a massive difference to the methods you use. Quantitative research, for instance, deals with numerical data and statistics, while qualitative research often focuses on subjective meanings. Clearly stating the approach you’re using will help your reader follow your work. 2. Be Descriptive Detail is key when it comes to methodology. Make sure to describe how your data was gathered and analyzed, as well as relating the sampling method used if relevant. 3. Justify Your Choices Every decision you make should be justified. One way to do this is to consider how the methods you choose help to answer your research question. You may also wish to compare your method with those used in similar existing studies. 4. Methodological Limitations Different methods each have their own strengths and weaknesses. Consider whether the methodology you have chosen has any constraints, perhaps by comparing it with alternative methods that you could have used. 5. Ethics Modern research demands high ethical standards, especially if human subjects are involved. If this is the case with your work, your methodology section should include details of how you have minimized the risk of harm to your subjects. This will include issues of confidentiality and consent. 6. Generalizability Your methodological choices have a direct impact on whether your results can be validly applied to other populations. You should therefore consider whether your work can be generalized within the methodology chapter. 7. Appendices The appendices are your best friend when writing up your methodology. This is where you can put any indirectly relevant material  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ including questionnaires, consent forms and other documents used in the research – so that the main body of your methodology section remains clear and succinct.

Employment Law & Practices in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Employment Law & Practices in the UK - Essay Example This paper will discuss terms implied at common law into a contract of employment and give an example. The second part will give advice on payment of holiday, working hours and working on holiday. 2. Part 1: Contract of employment. Employees and independent contractors are terms used in the contract of employment. An employee is a person who gives service in place of another in exchange for a salary. Independent contractors resemble employee’s contract but extend service to another. The employee enters into a contract of service while an independent contractor enters into a contract of services. The independent contractors are not entitled to workplace agreement, awards and standards. To differentiate contracts of employment, tests implied by common law are used to determine the relationship. The individual work of an employee and power, together with the command of the employer are assessed. Other tests include: who pays taxed income of the employee and who supplies the resou rces for work. Another test is if the employee can transfer the services to another employer or cause another contract. Lawyers determine if the employee can benefit or lose financially in the contract (Cabrelli, 2008, p. 7). An example is the case involving â€Å"Hollis Vs Vabu Pty Ltd in 2001† (Human rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, 2001, p. 1), the court tested their relationship and saw that their relationship was a contract of employment. Vabu was in control and obtained revenues. Common law causes people to be responsible. It implies confidentiality, being skillful and careful at work. The employer should give a termination notice. The employee and employer should maintain good relations and adapt trust when they work together. Lawyers recommend a written employment contract to define terms of working relationship. New employees need to write a contract of employment so that they obtain specific information on their job description, job title and the relevant te rms of work. They will be aware of their expectation, and obtain information on how to exit incase the contract is no longer favorable. A written employment contract can help an employer retains a competent employee. The agreement on the length of time to serve the employer reduces the number of reasons an employee can chose to terminate a contract. The employee is able to retain the employees they have trained. Another advantage is that the employee becomes obligated to maintain confidentiality. The protection of the company secretes goes beyond the contract. The employee cannot reveal secretes of company which could cause unfair competition. An employment contract will get the best employees if they give the best deal (Honeyball, 2012). Moreover, an employment contract is a way of controlling the employees work. The written contract of employment gives specific details on compensation. Besides being used as evidence in disputes, the written agreement can be used to resolve argumen ts. The contact causes the employer and employee to create a good working relationship as Smith and Baker (2010, p. 66) mention. The challenge with the employment contract is the possibility of the employee being unable to accomplished tasks as agreed. Abrupt termination may not apply because of the agreed length of contract. The employer and employee may have to renegotiate their terms. This is because the funds may not be adequate and could cause financial constrain (Emir, 2012). Another disadvantage is that

Concept Identification and Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Concept Identification and Analysis - Essay Example He is very wary of rulers who give a lot of power to the citizens as these citizens may turn against him at any time if their interests are not being fulfilled. He views men as â€Å"ungrateful, fickle, deceptive, deceiving, eager to gain, and avoiders of danger† (392). Such people cannot be trusted thus it is better to instil fear in them so that they may remain loyal. The concept of fear is what dominates Machiavelli’s thinking. He believes that a capable ruler is the one feared by his subjects but this does not mean he should be hated as one can be feared and not hated (392). Bearing in mind the human nature, men hate those who steal other people’s property thus he advises princes to stay off other people’s property. Creating fear among citizens is a way of justifying and legitimizing use of power such that the state can win at all cost. In his view, states are most effective when they are able to justify the use of force. This is why he advices rulers to use cultural traditions and religion if need be as justification for attacking an enemy (Grisby, 87). He also advises them that if they want to colonize a territory they must occupy it and confiscate their land so as to assert their power and make them obedient through fear of consequences. The main aim is to keep the population in fear so that they don’t think of overthrowing the state thus state can maintain power. Use of cruelty and unethical means to justify the state’s ends is thus desirable as fear is the optimum basis for ruling (87). Locke: State of Nature On the second Treatise on civilised government, Locke articulates his ideas on the ideal type of government and refutes the idea that men in their natural state (before establishment of government) are not civilised. He calls the period before establishment of government as the state of nature and believes that in this state, men are guided by reason or the law of nature (Chaurasia, 320). In the state of n ature, men have inalienable rights of life, liberty and property are free to dispose of their possessions as they deem fit. They live happily as peace and order is enhanced through cooperation. However, in this state the society lacks organisation and a social being he is bound at some time to want to be in a group where some people are unjust thus need for a governing body (Chaurasia, 296). As such, a government is established whose sole purpose is to protect the rights of citizens thus it draws its power from the consent of the governed (294). The state of nature concept tries to explain the political philosophy of Locke. With natural rights comes the need to protect these rights hence individuals give up part of their rights through a social contract with the state in return for protection of their rights. Popular sovereignty is thus with the citizens. Should the government break the contract by violating people’s rights, then they have the power to dismiss it (Chaurasia, 324). The government is thus the servant of the society whereas political power rests with the people. He thus advocates liberal or laissez-faire form of government which has minimal state intervention being to maintain peace and order through protection of rights. In this form of government, the use of reason or natural laws dictates that no one ought to harm one another and in case that happens, one is liable to punishment (Chaurasia, 320). The

International Business Finance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Business Finance - Research Paper Example re liable to pay the interest at the pre-determined rate throughout the tenure of the bonds and repay the face value at the time of maturity which means there is no question of incurring loss for the investors out of investing in such financial instrument (Burger, Sengupta, Warnock and Warnock, 2014). However, in recent times it has been noticed in Europe that in some countries such as Denmark, Germany and Switzerland, the government bonds as well as corporate bonds are yielding the investors a negative return. To be more specific, such negative yields are not inflation-adjusted returns; the bonds are simply yielding the investors less than their capital (Ivashina and Becker, 2015). Therefore, the research paper will aim to investigate regarding credibility of bonds as a financial instrument, their buyers and the factors that may influence such investor to purchase bonds even with negative returns in order to find out the rationale behind such negative return and to identify buyersâ €™ motivation behind purchasing such bonds with negative yield. For the purpose of analysis, relevant economic theory that may justify the reason behind buying bonds with negative yields shall also be incorporated. Traditionally, bond is considered to be one of the most secured investment options among all other financial instruments available in the financial system. Dann (2005) has defined financial instrument as a mechanism that institutes a contractual right between the borrower and lender to receive and deliver some of money. Bond is a financial instrument that establishes a indenture between the two parties: bond holder and issuer. The indenture specifies that the issuer will pay a fixed or variable rate of interest during the whole life of the bond and will refund the principal amount at the time of maturity (Maginn, Tuttle, McLeavey and Pinto, 2010). Bonds can be of various types such as fixed and floating rate of bonds, zero coupon bonds, perpetual bonds, inflation-index bonds

Business and market analysis of Costco

Business and market analysis of Costco Costco wholesale corporation, is carry a membership of warehouses and sell high quality and national brands to resale and individual who have a membership in low prices, their first operated was on 1983 in Seattle, Washington. Now they have more than 570 warehouse around the world and 22 in United Kingdom. Of course every supermarket has to face a competitive environment but each one have their own strategy to deal with it by looking to their SWOT analysis and PESTEL analysis, also they should focus on their internal, micro macro environments. In this essay I will evaluate how Costco deal with these things. There is no companies can improve and get over if they do not focused on their internal strength and weakness and eternal opportunities and threats which is called SWOT analysis. Strength is looking to their internal capability of recourses and improves it to reach their objectives. According to Chatterjee Costco Annual revenue climbed 9.1 percent to $77.95 billion from $71.42 billion. In 2010 Costco were the 3th largest retailer in the USA and the 8th in the world. They offer a high quality of products with a big name, for example Sony, Microsoft, nestle and Kelloggs and numbers of co-brands such as Starbucks and Disney instead of their own brand which is called Kirkland in a low prices. They have over 60 million of cardholders also they are Goodwill with excellent employees. There were some advantages for Costco to their own brand; they can control their prices, packaging and the quality. Weakness is limitation that may prevent company to achieve their objectives, Costco weakness t hat you can find store in certain area and you cannot buy from the store if you are not a member in Costco club. Opportunity is an external positive factor that may bring advantages to the company, in UK Costco aims to open 40 warehouses around the country this will be good opportunity to them because they can reach large numbers of new loyal customers. Also they offer a Varity numbers of goods holding their own brand name, Costco noticed that most of their customer buys Toilet paper with annual sales of 375 millions. Every year to every two years, we try to upgrade the quality of this product, Rose explained. Make it softer, make it stronger, everything that we can do to just make it a better quality product and our members, you know, obviously the reward is with the sales on this item. (DONVAN and HERMAN, 2008). Threats is an external negative situation can face the company and break their performance and they should minimize it, when Costco decide to open their store in the UK an d get their approval to open their two stores and pay millions to develop their sits. The big three supermarkets Sainsbury, Tesco and Safeway tried to stop opening programs of Costco by going to the High Court and then to the Appeal Court to contest the councils decision. (KILBURN, 1992), they argued that Costco is retailers not wholesalers and the customer should pay fees to be members in Costco, so they should treat as retailers treated in UK. They were worried because Costco had succeeded in 17 years in USA and they sell everything from grocery to computers and pharmacy, also they sell up to 50% cheaper than other outlets in USA. Companies also will face an external environment that they cannot stop it or control it such as macroenvironment. There is also a microenvironment and both of them bring opportunities and threats to the company. Ecological/physical environmental forces is one of macroenvironment analysis is to protect the environment by producing products that not heart the natural. In Costco they produced their packaging from recycled polyester. The social forces give the company good image and predict the size and growth rates of marketing throughout charities and helping people go over in live by finding work and protect them from poverty. The plan of Costco to open 40 stores in UK which each store will employs 150 workers this will help to reduce unemployment also Costco and Highland Spring work together to support BBC children in need by selling a great pack for kid to keep them hydrated throughout the day, every 24 pack they sell 20p of it going to charity. Now technology become as lifeblood we cannot live without it, we can see the technology anywhere and everywhere, in the house, work, roadà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc. Costco start using internet shopping from few years ago operated and updated by Microsoft windows sever system, their revenue through website was under $100 million within three years and now their revenue through website is $640 million. The microenvironment consists of the actors in the firms immediate environment or business system that affect its capabilities to operate effectively in its chosen markets. (Jobber and Fahy, 2009) Its include four key actors are customer which company should satisfy their needs and wants by understanding their behavior, 90 percent of Costco customer are loyal and renew their membership year after year also the thing that keep the customer loyal that Costco offer them high quality products and low price with return policy with full refund if they are not happy with what they buy, looking to the important of customer satisfaction. Competition is study of customer behavior not enough to success, company should know their competitors because they affect the company plans, and for example if they offering a lower price or making promotion, this may lead your customers turn to their side. The company should study and know their competitors strength, weakness, opportunities and threats. Cos tco biggest competitors in UK Tesco, Asda, Sainsbury, and Safeway. Costco deal with competitors by offering high quality products in bulk with a low price, good treat from customer service these lead to build their brand name in UK and get customer loyalty. Distributors are to offer the products in right price, place and time to meet customer needs and wants, distributor lead to reduce supplier profitability. Costco introduce 4000 unique products in each store from groceries to the televisions and computers. Costco buy direct from the manufactures that allows warehouses not delay in receiving the products and give the customers the opportunity to purchase as quickly as possible. Suppliers who provide supply and material to the company to produce goods and services, suppliers can bring problems to the companies if they have shortage or delay of producing on time because this will damage the customer satisfaction, usually companies treat their suppliers as a partner, if the supplies w ere powerful and increasing the cost of supply this will lead to push the price up. Companies should monitor supply availability, such as shortages due to labour strikes or political factors, as these can cause customer dissatisfaction and lost sales. (Jobber, 2010). Costco and their suppliers gain maximum administrative efficiency, reduce shared expenses and improve system accountability. (Peters, 2003). Companies should focused on all of the four actors of microenvironment analysis because this will help them to explode their opportunities and reduce threats. Internal environment is performance and activities of a business to be assessed in the light of environmental developments.(Jobber and Fahy, 2009). It based on finance and accounting which is depending on budget that helps the marketing to achieve its objectives. Costco financial records of the fourth quarters of 2010 was net Property and Equipment $11,314(MMs).Research and development (RD) looking for products that bring customers attention and develop safe design. Costco every one or two years developed their products specially products on demand. Purchasing, companies looking for suppliers and good materials. As we mention above that Costco offers 4000 high quality items in each stores with a low price, up to 50% lower than their competitors. Production is producing products with good quality and materials. In conclusion, Costco became a worldwide wholesales in few years. They were focusing on their performance to reach their objectives, by improving their internal environment and strength, explode their opportunities and minimize threats by focusing on the macroenvironment and microenvironment.

Child Development Essay -- Child Rearing, Natural Growth

Lareau (2003) reports that social class plays a very important role in a child’s upbringing because it helps determine the way a child will be raised. In Lareau’s (2003) study she came to the conclusion that there were two different patterns of child rearing: concerted cultivation and natural growth. Concerted cultivation is the child rearing method that middle class parents use focusing on not only caring for their child, but developing a personality by enrolling their children in many structured activities and developing language skills (Lareau, 2003). Natural growth is the child-rearing method that working class and poor parents use to raise their children because there is not a lot of time and money for structured activities and long verbal discussions with the children (Lareau, 2003). Families who practice natural growth child rearing practices need to focus on providing the simpler needs of the child like providing shelter, clothing, food, and water therefore unab le to have the structured activities and worry about establishing communication skills. This is important to consider because the way children are raised because this has a social impact. The children that are being raised today will eventually grow up to be a part of their own society; there are social impacts on the current society because of the methods of child-rearing and the consequences that these child-rearing practices are having on children with the way they interact in society, There are benefits and disadvantages to both childrearing methods reported by Lareau (2010) however there are definitive differences in the child’s outcome due to the child’s social class and thus the method the child was raised with. In concerted cultivation children spend a ... ...nd sometimes talk to my extended family I seldom see them or would by any means categorize our relationships as strong kinship ties (Lareau, 2003). This I feel has been an unfortunate result of concerted cultivation because I see how some of my other cousins behave towards each other as they are so close talking everyday and meet several times a week for lunch or dinner. I feel this is sad because while I would love to have stronger ties with my extended family I realize it is not a part of the way I was brought up because of my middleclass child-rearing. The concept of my social connections often being mostly in homogenous age groups as a child is very accurate (Lareau, 2003). Because of the activities I participated in and the area in which I lived and went to school I predominately have friendships through activities with children much like I was at the time.

Operation Managerment

I. Discussion and Review Question: 1. Briefly describe the term operations management? Answer: Operations Management is management of system or processes that create goods or provide service. The term operations management includes interrelated activities such as forecasting, capacity planning, scheduling, managing inventories, assuring quality, motivating employees, and deciding where to locate facilities and more. 2. Identify the three major functional areas of business organization and briefly describe how they interrelate?Answer: The three major functional areas of business are finance, operations and marketing. Finance is responsible for securing financial resources at favorable prices and allocating those resources throughout the organization, as well as budgeting, analyzing investment proposals and providing funds for operations. Moreover, operations function is responsible for producing products and delivering services and it needs the support as well as input from others are as of the organization such as finance and marketing.And finally, marketing is responsible for assessing consumer wants and needs, as well as selling and promoting goods or services. Marketing and Operations are the primary or line function. 3. Describe the operations function and the nature of the operations manager’s job? Answer: Operations is responsible for producing the goods or providing the service offered by the organization. Therefore, the nature of the operations manager’s job is to guide the system by decision making. Certain decision affects the design of the system, and others affect the operation of the system.System design involves decisions that relate to system capacity, the geographic location of the facilities and acquisition of equipment. 4. List five important differences between goods production and service operation; then list five important similarities? Answer: Five important differences between good production and service operation are degree of customer contact, uniformity of input, labor content of jobs, uniformity of output and measurement of productivity. Five important similarities: both goods production and service operation involve design and operating decisions.Goods production must decide what size factory is needed and service operations must decide what size building is needed. Both must make decisions on location, work schedules, capacity and allocation of scare resources. 5. Briefly discuss each of these term related to the historical evolution of operations management: industrial revolution, scientific management, interchangeable parts and division of labor. Answer: Industrial Revolution began in 1770s in England and spread to the rest of Europe and to the United States during the 19th century.Then, a number of innovations in the 18th century changed the face of the production forever by substituting machine power for human power. A major change occurred that gave the Industrial Revolution a boost: the deve lopment of standard gauging systems. This greatly reduced the need for custom-made goods. Factories began to spring up and grow rapidly, providing the jobs for the countless people who were attracted in large number form rural areas. Scientific Management era brought widespread changes to the management of the factories.The movement was spearheaded by the efficiency engineer and inventor Frederick Winslow Taylor. Taylor believed in a â€Å"science of management† based on observation, measurement, analysis, and improvement of work method, and economic incentives. Interchangeable parts are parts of a product made to such precision that they do not have to be custom fitted. Division of labor means the breaking up of production process into small tasks, so that each worker perform small portion of the overall job. II. Critical Thinking Exercise: 1.Many organizations offer a combination of goods and service to their customers. As you learned in this chapter, there are some key dif ferences between production of goods and delivery of service. What are the implications of these differences relative to managing operation? Answer: It is good to combine between goods and service to their customers. Although goods is physical items produced by business organizations and services include activities that provide some combine of time, location, from, and psychological value, goods and services have a relationship to increase number of customers.Beside the company sell the goods, the company need to take care customer with services. It helps the customers trust and pleasure the goods as much as possible. Nowadays, the sale department and customer services department have to connect together to get profit and have potential customers. A good example for that is coffee shop. When you sell cups of coffee for customer, customers not only concern taste as well as the quality of coffee, but also they concern how they are serviced, the coffee is brought quickly or not.Therefo re, it is necessary to combine and improve quality of goods and services. III. Case: Hazel 1. In what ways are Hazel’s customers most likely to judge the quality of her lawn care services? Answer: Most Hazel’s customers judge the quality of her lawn care service depend on the way Hazel take care, how long she take care their garden, after Hazel take care, how their garden look, it is beautiful or not. For example, when Hazel mows lawns, she use good material, she work carefully and finish her job on time. It makes her customers satisfy and her job is considered successfully. 3.What are some the trade-offs that Hazel probably considered related to: Working for a company instead of for herself, Expanding the business, Launching the website: Answer: a. Working for a company instead of for herself: If Hazel continues to find the job, she can find the good and satisfy job. However, she will not realize that she can be able to manage and do business. She can continue lose th e job and she have to find other the job. She can earn less money with her job than her business. b. Expanding the business: When Hazel expand the business, there are some trade-offs for her.Firstly, she has to spend more money instead of saving her money in the account bank. Secondly, it takes long time for her to do business, and she does not enough time to take care her family. And finally, her business can be unsuccessful and she can lose many things. c. Launching the website: The biggest trade-off for launching the website is her time. When she has the website, there are a lot of customers knows her business. The problem can be that she does not have enough time to cover, if she does not have enough employees.