Concept Identification and Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Concept Identification and Analysis - Essay Example He is very wary of rulers who give a lot of power to the citizens as these citizens may turn against him at any time if their interests are not being fulfilled. He views men as â€Å"ungrateful, fickle, deceptive, deceiving, eager to gain, and avoiders of danger† (392). Such people cannot be trusted thus it is better to instil fear in them so that they may remain loyal. The concept of fear is what dominates Machiavelli’s thinking. He believes that a capable ruler is the one feared by his subjects but this does not mean he should be hated as one can be feared and not hated (392). Bearing in mind the human nature, men hate those who steal other people’s property thus he advises princes to stay off other people’s property. Creating fear among citizens is a way of justifying and legitimizing use of power such that the state can win at all cost. In his view, states are most effective when they are able to justify the use of force. This is why he advices rulers to use cultural traditions and religion if need be as justification for attacking an enemy (Grisby, 87). He also advises them that if they want to colonize a territory they must occupy it and confiscate their land so as to assert their power and make them obedient through fear of consequences. The main aim is to keep the population in fear so that they don’t think of overthrowing the state thus state can maintain power. Use of cruelty and unethical means to justify the state’s ends is thus desirable as fear is the optimum basis for ruling (87). Locke: State of Nature On the second Treatise on civilised government, Locke articulates his ideas on the ideal type of government and refutes the idea that men in their natural state (before establishment of government) are not civilised. He calls the period before establishment of government as the state of nature and believes that in this state, men are guided by reason or the law of nature (Chaurasia, 320). In the state of n ature, men have inalienable rights of life, liberty and property are free to dispose of their possessions as they deem fit. They live happily as peace and order is enhanced through cooperation. However, in this state the society lacks organisation and a social being he is bound at some time to want to be in a group where some people are unjust thus need for a governing body (Chaurasia, 296). As such, a government is established whose sole purpose is to protect the rights of citizens thus it draws its power from the consent of the governed (294). The state of nature concept tries to explain the political philosophy of Locke. With natural rights comes the need to protect these rights hence individuals give up part of their rights through a social contract with the state in return for protection of their rights. Popular sovereignty is thus with the citizens. Should the government break the contract by violating people’s rights, then they have the power to dismiss it (Chaurasia, 324). The government is thus the servant of the society whereas political power rests with the people. He thus advocates liberal or laissez-faire form of government which has minimal state intervention being to maintain peace and order through protection of rights. In this form of government, the use of reason or natural laws dictates that no one ought to harm one another and in case that happens, one is liable to punishment (Chaurasia, 320). The

International Business Finance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Business Finance - Research Paper Example re liable to pay the interest at the pre-determined rate throughout the tenure of the bonds and repay the face value at the time of maturity which means there is no question of incurring loss for the investors out of investing in such financial instrument (Burger, Sengupta, Warnock and Warnock, 2014). However, in recent times it has been noticed in Europe that in some countries such as Denmark, Germany and Switzerland, the government bonds as well as corporate bonds are yielding the investors a negative return. To be more specific, such negative yields are not inflation-adjusted returns; the bonds are simply yielding the investors less than their capital (Ivashina and Becker, 2015). Therefore, the research paper will aim to investigate regarding credibility of bonds as a financial instrument, their buyers and the factors that may influence such investor to purchase bonds even with negative returns in order to find out the rationale behind such negative return and to identify buyersâ €™ motivation behind purchasing such bonds with negative yield. For the purpose of analysis, relevant economic theory that may justify the reason behind buying bonds with negative yields shall also be incorporated. Traditionally, bond is considered to be one of the most secured investment options among all other financial instruments available in the financial system. Dann (2005) has defined financial instrument as a mechanism that institutes a contractual right between the borrower and lender to receive and deliver some of money. Bond is a financial instrument that establishes a indenture between the two parties: bond holder and issuer. The indenture specifies that the issuer will pay a fixed or variable rate of interest during the whole life of the bond and will refund the principal amount at the time of maturity (Maginn, Tuttle, McLeavey and Pinto, 2010). Bonds can be of various types such as fixed and floating rate of bonds, zero coupon bonds, perpetual bonds, inflation-index bonds

Business and market analysis of Costco

Business and market analysis of Costco Costco wholesale corporation, is carry a membership of warehouses and sell high quality and national brands to resale and individual who have a membership in low prices, their first operated was on 1983 in Seattle, Washington. Now they have more than 570 warehouse around the world and 22 in United Kingdom. Of course every supermarket has to face a competitive environment but each one have their own strategy to deal with it by looking to their SWOT analysis and PESTEL analysis, also they should focus on their internal, micro macro environments. In this essay I will evaluate how Costco deal with these things. There is no companies can improve and get over if they do not focused on their internal strength and weakness and eternal opportunities and threats which is called SWOT analysis. Strength is looking to their internal capability of recourses and improves it to reach their objectives. According to Chatterjee Costco Annual revenue climbed 9.1 percent to $77.95 billion from $71.42 billion. In 2010 Costco were the 3th largest retailer in the USA and the 8th in the world. They offer a high quality of products with a big name, for example Sony, Microsoft, nestle and Kelloggs and numbers of co-brands such as Starbucks and Disney instead of their own brand which is called Kirkland in a low prices. They have over 60 million of cardholders also they are Goodwill with excellent employees. There were some advantages for Costco to their own brand; they can control their prices, packaging and the quality. Weakness is limitation that may prevent company to achieve their objectives, Costco weakness t hat you can find store in certain area and you cannot buy from the store if you are not a member in Costco club. Opportunity is an external positive factor that may bring advantages to the company, in UK Costco aims to open 40 warehouses around the country this will be good opportunity to them because they can reach large numbers of new loyal customers. Also they offer a Varity numbers of goods holding their own brand name, Costco noticed that most of their customer buys Toilet paper with annual sales of 375 millions. Every year to every two years, we try to upgrade the quality of this product, Rose explained. Make it softer, make it stronger, everything that we can do to just make it a better quality product and our members, you know, obviously the reward is with the sales on this item. (DONVAN and HERMAN, 2008). Threats is an external negative situation can face the company and break their performance and they should minimize it, when Costco decide to open their store in the UK an d get their approval to open their two stores and pay millions to develop their sits. The big three supermarkets Sainsbury, Tesco and Safeway tried to stop opening programs of Costco by going to the High Court and then to the Appeal Court to contest the councils decision. (KILBURN, 1992), they argued that Costco is retailers not wholesalers and the customer should pay fees to be members in Costco, so they should treat as retailers treated in UK. They were worried because Costco had succeeded in 17 years in USA and they sell everything from grocery to computers and pharmacy, also they sell up to 50% cheaper than other outlets in USA. Companies also will face an external environment that they cannot stop it or control it such as macroenvironment. There is also a microenvironment and both of them bring opportunities and threats to the company. Ecological/physical environmental forces is one of macroenvironment analysis is to protect the environment by producing products that not heart the natural. In Costco they produced their packaging from recycled polyester. The social forces give the company good image and predict the size and growth rates of marketing throughout charities and helping people go over in live by finding work and protect them from poverty. The plan of Costco to open 40 stores in UK which each store will employs 150 workers this will help to reduce unemployment also Costco and Highland Spring work together to support BBC children in need by selling a great pack for kid to keep them hydrated throughout the day, every 24 pack they sell 20p of it going to charity. Now technology become as lifeblood we cannot live without it, we can see the technology anywhere and everywhere, in the house, work, roadà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc. Costco start using internet shopping from few years ago operated and updated by Microsoft windows sever system, their revenue through website was under $100 million within three years and now their revenue through website is $640 million. The microenvironment consists of the actors in the firms immediate environment or business system that affect its capabilities to operate effectively in its chosen markets. (Jobber and Fahy, 2009) Its include four key actors are customer which company should satisfy their needs and wants by understanding their behavior, 90 percent of Costco customer are loyal and renew their membership year after year also the thing that keep the customer loyal that Costco offer them high quality products and low price with return policy with full refund if they are not happy with what they buy, looking to the important of customer satisfaction. Competition is study of customer behavior not enough to success, company should know their competitors because they affect the company plans, and for example if they offering a lower price or making promotion, this may lead your customers turn to their side. The company should study and know their competitors strength, weakness, opportunities and threats. Cos tco biggest competitors in UK Tesco, Asda, Sainsbury, and Safeway. Costco deal with competitors by offering high quality products in bulk with a low price, good treat from customer service these lead to build their brand name in UK and get customer loyalty. Distributors are to offer the products in right price, place and time to meet customer needs and wants, distributor lead to reduce supplier profitability. Costco introduce 4000 unique products in each store from groceries to the televisions and computers. Costco buy direct from the manufactures that allows warehouses not delay in receiving the products and give the customers the opportunity to purchase as quickly as possible. Suppliers who provide supply and material to the company to produce goods and services, suppliers can bring problems to the companies if they have shortage or delay of producing on time because this will damage the customer satisfaction, usually companies treat their suppliers as a partner, if the supplies w ere powerful and increasing the cost of supply this will lead to push the price up. Companies should monitor supply availability, such as shortages due to labour strikes or political factors, as these can cause customer dissatisfaction and lost sales. (Jobber, 2010). Costco and their suppliers gain maximum administrative efficiency, reduce shared expenses and improve system accountability. (Peters, 2003). Companies should focused on all of the four actors of microenvironment analysis because this will help them to explode their opportunities and reduce threats. Internal environment is performance and activities of a business to be assessed in the light of environmental developments.(Jobber and Fahy, 2009). It based on finance and accounting which is depending on budget that helps the marketing to achieve its objectives. Costco financial records of the fourth quarters of 2010 was net Property and Equipment $11,314(MMs).Research and development (RD) looking for products that bring customers attention and develop safe design. Costco every one or two years developed their products specially products on demand. Purchasing, companies looking for suppliers and good materials. As we mention above that Costco offers 4000 high quality items in each stores with a low price, up to 50% lower than their competitors. Production is producing products with good quality and materials. In conclusion, Costco became a worldwide wholesales in few years. They were focusing on their performance to reach their objectives, by improving their internal environment and strength, explode their opportunities and minimize threats by focusing on the macroenvironment and microenvironment.

Child Development Essay -- Child Rearing, Natural Growth

Lareau (2003) reports that social class plays a very important role in a child’s upbringing because it helps determine the way a child will be raised. In Lareau’s (2003) study she came to the conclusion that there were two different patterns of child rearing: concerted cultivation and natural growth. Concerted cultivation is the child rearing method that middle class parents use focusing on not only caring for their child, but developing a personality by enrolling their children in many structured activities and developing language skills (Lareau, 2003). Natural growth is the child-rearing method that working class and poor parents use to raise their children because there is not a lot of time and money for structured activities and long verbal discussions with the children (Lareau, 2003). Families who practice natural growth child rearing practices need to focus on providing the simpler needs of the child like providing shelter, clothing, food, and water therefore unab le to have the structured activities and worry about establishing communication skills. This is important to consider because the way children are raised because this has a social impact. The children that are being raised today will eventually grow up to be a part of their own society; there are social impacts on the current society because of the methods of child-rearing and the consequences that these child-rearing practices are having on children with the way they interact in society, There are benefits and disadvantages to both childrearing methods reported by Lareau (2010) however there are definitive differences in the child’s outcome due to the child’s social class and thus the method the child was raised with. In concerted cultivation children spend a ... ...nd sometimes talk to my extended family I seldom see them or would by any means categorize our relationships as strong kinship ties (Lareau, 2003). This I feel has been an unfortunate result of concerted cultivation because I see how some of my other cousins behave towards each other as they are so close talking everyday and meet several times a week for lunch or dinner. I feel this is sad because while I would love to have stronger ties with my extended family I realize it is not a part of the way I was brought up because of my middleclass child-rearing. The concept of my social connections often being mostly in homogenous age groups as a child is very accurate (Lareau, 2003). Because of the activities I participated in and the area in which I lived and went to school I predominately have friendships through activities with children much like I was at the time.

Operation Managerment

I. Discussion and Review Question: 1. Briefly describe the term operations management? Answer: Operations Management is management of system or processes that create goods or provide service. The term operations management includes interrelated activities such as forecasting, capacity planning, scheduling, managing inventories, assuring quality, motivating employees, and deciding where to locate facilities and more. 2. Identify the three major functional areas of business organization and briefly describe how they interrelate?Answer: The three major functional areas of business are finance, operations and marketing. Finance is responsible for securing financial resources at favorable prices and allocating those resources throughout the organization, as well as budgeting, analyzing investment proposals and providing funds for operations. Moreover, operations function is responsible for producing products and delivering services and it needs the support as well as input from others are as of the organization such as finance and marketing.And finally, marketing is responsible for assessing consumer wants and needs, as well as selling and promoting goods or services. Marketing and Operations are the primary or line function. 3. Describe the operations function and the nature of the operations manager’s job? Answer: Operations is responsible for producing the goods or providing the service offered by the organization. Therefore, the nature of the operations manager’s job is to guide the system by decision making. Certain decision affects the design of the system, and others affect the operation of the system.System design involves decisions that relate to system capacity, the geographic location of the facilities and acquisition of equipment. 4. List five important differences between goods production and service operation; then list five important similarities? Answer: Five important differences between good production and service operation are degree of customer contact, uniformity of input, labor content of jobs, uniformity of output and measurement of productivity. Five important similarities: both goods production and service operation involve design and operating decisions.Goods production must decide what size factory is needed and service operations must decide what size building is needed. Both must make decisions on location, work schedules, capacity and allocation of scare resources. 5. Briefly discuss each of these term related to the historical evolution of operations management: industrial revolution, scientific management, interchangeable parts and division of labor. Answer: Industrial Revolution began in 1770s in England and spread to the rest of Europe and to the United States during the 19th century.Then, a number of innovations in the 18th century changed the face of the production forever by substituting machine power for human power. A major change occurred that gave the Industrial Revolution a boost: the deve lopment of standard gauging systems. This greatly reduced the need for custom-made goods. Factories began to spring up and grow rapidly, providing the jobs for the countless people who were attracted in large number form rural areas. Scientific Management era brought widespread changes to the management of the factories.The movement was spearheaded by the efficiency engineer and inventor Frederick Winslow Taylor. Taylor believed in a â€Å"science of management† based on observation, measurement, analysis, and improvement of work method, and economic incentives. Interchangeable parts are parts of a product made to such precision that they do not have to be custom fitted. Division of labor means the breaking up of production process into small tasks, so that each worker perform small portion of the overall job. II. Critical Thinking Exercise: 1.Many organizations offer a combination of goods and service to their customers. As you learned in this chapter, there are some key dif ferences between production of goods and delivery of service. What are the implications of these differences relative to managing operation? Answer: It is good to combine between goods and service to their customers. Although goods is physical items produced by business organizations and services include activities that provide some combine of time, location, from, and psychological value, goods and services have a relationship to increase number of customers.Beside the company sell the goods, the company need to take care customer with services. It helps the customers trust and pleasure the goods as much as possible. Nowadays, the sale department and customer services department have to connect together to get profit and have potential customers. A good example for that is coffee shop. When you sell cups of coffee for customer, customers not only concern taste as well as the quality of coffee, but also they concern how they are serviced, the coffee is brought quickly or not.Therefo re, it is necessary to combine and improve quality of goods and services. III. Case: Hazel 1. In what ways are Hazel’s customers most likely to judge the quality of her lawn care services? Answer: Most Hazel’s customers judge the quality of her lawn care service depend on the way Hazel take care, how long she take care their garden, after Hazel take care, how their garden look, it is beautiful or not. For example, when Hazel mows lawns, she use good material, she work carefully and finish her job on time. It makes her customers satisfy and her job is considered successfully. 3.What are some the trade-offs that Hazel probably considered related to: Working for a company instead of for herself, Expanding the business, Launching the website: Answer: a. Working for a company instead of for herself: If Hazel continues to find the job, she can find the good and satisfy job. However, she will not realize that she can be able to manage and do business. She can continue lose th e job and she have to find other the job. She can earn less money with her job than her business. b. Expanding the business: When Hazel expand the business, there are some trade-offs for her.Firstly, she has to spend more money instead of saving her money in the account bank. Secondly, it takes long time for her to do business, and she does not enough time to take care her family. And finally, her business can be unsuccessful and she can lose many things. c. Launching the website: The biggest trade-off for launching the website is her time. When she has the website, there are a lot of customers knows her business. The problem can be that she does not have enough time to cover, if she does not have enough employees.

My Childhood Memories Essay

It’s considered that childhood memory is special for everybody because it’s very personal. I can’t imagine my childhood without reminding the time that I’ve spent at our summer cottage. I can even say that it’s the most precious time in my life. It’s situated in half an hour from city by the most beautiful sea that I’ve ever seen in my life. Unfortunately we sold it 6 years ago, and maybe that is why I appreciate it so much, people always desires what they’ve lost and aren’t able to get back for going through it again. I still clearly remember us, me, my aunt and my granny, going there every summer for a holiday. And with every new word that I write into this essay I remind new shots from that what we’ve got through there together. We used to spend there 3 months of summer. We went there to spend my birthday and stayed till the study year begins. My mother came to visit me every weekends and I used to show her everything new I’ve found around there. But there is a thing which about I will regret all the rest of my life. It is the time that I’ve spent with my aunt. If I only could I’d give everything to return these days even though for couple hours. Everything we did we did together, everything I had to share I shared with her and she treated the same way with me. One of the best things I remember is how we went to the seaside everyday. It took us 15 minutes to walk there and we spend nearly whole day there. I liked to go there with her very much; we’ve had so much fun together. Well, also one of the reasons was my friend Tima, 6 years older than me, very cute and kind guy. He was at sixth class when he left the school to find a job at the building construction to help his mother financially. We met every summer during 5 years. I miss his friendship very much now. The whole woods of the world won’t be enough for me to describe all the good things we had because of they all were such a people and it was such a place that I even can’t remember anything bad. I was 12 when my parents sold the cottage. I believe my childhood ended that day.

English 102 Summer 18 Syllabus Professor Ramos Blog

English 102 Summer 18 Syllabus Unit 1: Critical Engagement with Media

How a Genetic Mutation Led to the White Race

How a Genetic Mutation Led to the White Race Imagine a world where everyone had brown skin. Tens of thousands of years ago, that was the case, say scientists at Pennsylvania State University. So, how did white people get here? The answer lies in that tricky component of evolution known as a genetic mutation. Out of Africa It has long been assumed in scientific circles that Africa is the cradle of our human civilization​ and that it was there that our  ancestors shed most of their body hair around  2 million years ago. They quickly evolved dark skin for protection from skin cancer and other harmful effects of UV radiation. Then, says a 2005 study conducted at Penn State, when humans began leaving Africa 20,000 to 50,000 years ago, a skin-whitening mutation appeared randomly in a sole individual. That mutation proved advantageous as humans moved into Europe. Why? Because it allowed the migrants increased access to vitamin D, which is crucial to absorbing calcium and keeping bones strong. Sun intensity is great enough in equatorial regions that the vitamin can still be made in dark-skinned people despite the ultraviolet shielding effects of melanin, explains  Rick Weiss of the Washington Post, which reported on the findings.  But in the north, where sunlight is less intense and more clothing must be worn to combat the cold, melanins ultraviolet shielding could have been a liability. Just a Color This makes sense, but did scientists identify as well a bona fide race gene? Hardly. As the Post notes, the scientific community maintains that race is a vaguely defined biological, social and political concept...and skin color is only part of what race is- and is not. Scientists still say that race is more of a social construct than a scientific one because people of the so-called same race have more distinctions in their DNA than people of different races do. In fact, scientists posit that all people are roughly 99.5 percent genetically identical. The Penn State researchers findings on the skin-whitening gene show that skin color accounts  for a minuscule biological difference between humans. The newly found mutation involves a change of just one letter of DNA code out of the 3.1 billion letters in the human genome- the complete instructions for making a human being, the Post reports. Skin Deep When the research was first published, scientists and sociologists feared that the identification of this skin-whitening mutation would lead people to argue that whites, blacks, and others are somehow inherently different.  Keith Cheng, the scientist who led the team of Penn State researchers, wants the public to know thats not so. He told the Post, I think human beings are extremely insecure and look to visual cues of sameness to feel better, and people will do bad things to people who look different. His statement captures what racism is in a nutshell. Truth be told, people may look different, but theres virtually no difference in our genetic makeup. Skin color really is just skin deep. Not so Black and White Scientists at Penn State continue to explore the genetics of skin color. In  a study published in Science on October 12, 2017, researchers report their findings of even greater variants in skin color genes among native Africans. Such diversity, says  evolutionary geneticist Sarah Tishkoff, the lead author of the study, likely means that we cant even speak of an African race, much less a white one.

Metric Unit Prefixes

Metric Unit Prefixes Metric or SI (Le Systà ¨me International dUnità ©s) units are based on units of ten. Very large or very small numbers are easier to work with when you can replace any scientific notation with a name or word. The metric unit prefixes are short words that indicate a multiple or fraction of a unit. The prefixes are the same no matter what the unit is, so decimeter means 1/10th of a meter and deciliter means 1/10th of a liter, while kilogram means 1000 grams and kilometer means 1000 meters. Decimal-based prefixes have been used in all forms of the metric system, dating back to the 1790s. The prefixes used today have been standardized from 1960 to 1991 by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures for use in the metric system and the International System of Units (SI). Examples Using Metric Prefixes The distance from City A to City B is 8.0 x 103 meters. From the table, 103 can be replaced with the prefix kilo. Now the distance could be stated as 8.0 kilometers or shortened further to 8.0 km. The distance from Earth to the Sun is approximately 150,000,000,000 meters. You could write this as 150 x 109 m, 150 gigameters or 150 Gm. The width of human hair runs on the order of 0.000005 meters. Rewrite this as 50 x 10-6m, 50 micrometers, or 50 ÃŽ ¼m. Metric Prefixes Chart This table lists common metric prefixes, their symbols, and how many units of ten each prefix is when the number is written out. Prefix Symbol x from 10x Full Form yotta Y 24 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 zetta Z 21 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 exa E 18 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 peta P 15 1,000,000,000,000,000 tera T 12 1,000,000,000,000 giga G 9 1,000,000,000 mega M 6 1,000,000 kilo k 3 1,000 hecto h 2 100 deca da 1 10 base 0 1 deci d -1 0.1 centi c -2 0.01 milli m -3 0.001 micro -6 0.000001 nano n -9 0.000000001 pico p -12 0.000000000001 femto f -15 0.000000000000001 atto a -18 0.000000000000000001 zepto z -21 0.000000000000000000001 yocto y -24 0.000000000000000000000001 Interesting Metric Prefix Trivia Not all of the metric prefixes that were proposed were adopted. For example, myria- or myrio- (104) and the binary prefixes double- (factor of 2) and demi- (one-half) were originally used in France in 1795, but were dropped in 1960 because they were not symmetrical or decimal. The prefix hella- was proposed in 2010 by UC Davis student Austin Sendek for one octillion (1027). Despite receiving significant support, the Consultative Committee for Units rejected the proposal. Some websites did, however, adopt the prefix, notably Wolfram Alpha and Google Calculator. Because the prefixes are based on units of ten, you dont have to use a calculator to perform conversions between different units. All you need to do is move the decimal point to the left or right or add/subtract exponents of 10 in scientific notation. For example, if you want to convert millimeters to meters, you can move the decimal point three places to the left: 300 millimeters 0.3 meters If you have trouble trying to decide which direction to move a decimal point, use common sense. Millimeters are small units, while a meter is large (like a meter stick), so there should be lots of millimeters in a meter. Converting from a large unit to a smaller unit works the same way. For example, converting kilograms to centigrams, you move the decimal point 5 places to the right (3 to get to the base unit and then 2 more): 0.040 kg 400 cg

Business Environment Analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Environment Analysis - Case Study Example Socio-cultural: The population of U.K is getting more conscious about the problems related to obesity and health. Any product having the health effecting ingredients can lead to the loss of market share. The main strategy of the Innocent Smoothies is the manufacture of juices made with fresh, not concentrated juices. Hence the company uses the strategy of product differentiation. The company keeps on innovating new recipes fulfilling the demands of all ages from babies to youngsters and adults. The company has achieved a cutting edge as compare to other competitors by preserving the natural ingredients of the fruits in the smoothies. "Over-processed foods have higher GI ratings as they are more easily absorbed into the bloodstream, so innocent's refusal to use processed concentrates lowers GI scores further. Professor Millward, a top government advisor on nutrition, states quite clearly that "innocent smoothies contain all the phytoprotectants, fibre, vitamins and minerals that are naturally found in fruit. They are an important part of a healthy dietary lifestyle, replacing both undesirable drinks, which are essentially nutrient free and snacks which increase intakes of fat and salt." Full huma Full human based GI tests conducted by Reading Scientific Services in May 2005 showed average scores in

Global Health Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Global Health - Assignment Example As the research stresses as part of traditional healing services, fork medicine entails healing ideas and practices of health and physiology preservation. In most cases, the practice remains common in few cultures and is mostly transmitted through practices and knowledge by specific individuals’ having prior experience. In Finland’s traditional towns and cultures, fork medicine providers are always trained by prior to fork medicine practices. Anybody in Finland can be a traditional healer. As the paper explores the process depends on various aspects. In most cases, traditional healers are chosen from the community. In some cases, traditional healers tend to inherit the practice from family members who were once healers. An individual must also undergo formal training and initiation by experienced healers. Training sessions is mostly conducted at home where the healing process takes place. On the other hand, the training period depends on how the healer feels the trainee is ready. The number of female and males practicing the service also vary. Clientele seeking traditional healing services especially the fork medicine services mostly depends with people’s location in the country. In some cases, it depends with cultural beliefs and traditions. Most people from rural regions in Finland prefer using the services due to their economic situations. It is evident that herbal remedies are important especially in improving health.

Growth Through Inequity and Key Performance Indicators Assignment

Growth Through Inequity and Key Performance Indicators - Assignment Example It has been operating its business operations currently for over a hundred years. After the mineral mining proved to be unsuccessful, the company owners were forced to sit and rethink on the course to take. They decided to buy minerals that could enable them produce finished products, which greatly saved the company setting the base of the entrepreneurship spirit that has since been shaping the company. It is from this weak start that the company has developed tremendously into a multinational organization. Currently the organization produces and sells over 50, 000 different items for commercial use, industrial purposes or healthcare products. Most importantly, it sells its products in over two hundred countries around the world. 3m has worked tirelessly to bring changes in its products while inventing and producing new versions of items. It is in this spirit that the organization has been able to identify consumer needs in the market and respond to them accordingly for example, the post-it ® Note. The organization undergoes different stages to come up with an item on the market. It taps the original ideas, designs the product, manufacture it and deliver the finished product on the market. The 3m does not base on one particular style to generate its ideas. It uses manager’s method to tap ideas from people and its own employees. At the same time, remains proactive in encouraging all workers to come up with new ideal processes, which makes the organization active in developing new products on the market. The company produces goods with customer requirements in mind. This enables it to provide various solutions to customer needs around the globe. In developing the goods, it starts with focusing on custo mer requirements then make decisions on the products to manufacture.

The strategic plan for NyShy Home Health Services Assignment

The strategic plan for NyShy Home Health Services - Assignment Example Moreover, the plan also has highlighted various organizational objectives including functional tactics, milestone tasks and implementations along with risk factors and their mitigating actions. Furthermore, the paper intends to highlight different challenging factors during the process of serving mentally challenged old age group people. Company Background, Organizational Mission, Vision, and Value Statements NyShy Home Health Services (NyShy) is well-known for associating the healthcare assistance services to the senior citizens above the age group of 50 years. The organization facilitates its intensive healthcare services for the people who are facing challenges in terms of behavioral and mental illness. The services of NyShy will be focused on providing homemaking assisting programs along with medical supports in a continual process for each person suffering from mental and behavioral ailments. ... The workforce of the organization will be associated with qualitative and interdisciplinary etiquettes in terms of serving each client under the operational process of NyShy. Organizational Mission, Vision, and Value Statements The mission, vision, and value statements of an organization encourage or draw its customers to be loyal towards the corporation for sustaining long-term commitment to be served by the products and/or services rendered by the company. Mission, vision and value statements can be considered as the major elements for the organization not only for the strategic plan purpose but they also enable to define the path that should be followed by the entire company. These also enable to provide a declaration of guiding principles for identifying the future steps that could be taken by the organization (Greer, 2012). An appropriate mission and vision statements along with effective value statement of an organization comprise encouraging aspects to increase the quality of the services that are rendered (McLeod, 2004). With this concern, the mission, vision and value of NyShy will be focused on transparent objectives for both the employees of the organization and its clients. The staff of the organization will be employed according to their quality and capability to serve the clients efficiently which reflects the enacted excellence of the mission, vision and value of NyShy. The mission, vision and value of NyShy is to deliver optimal healthcare service to each individual with extensive care from its workforce and the organization will also envision to be one of the leading healthcare service providers in offering community based mental healthcare programs/treatments. Moreover, the organization will be highly focused on the validation of mission, vision

EasyJet A No Frills Airline Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

EasyJet A No Frills Airline - Assignment Example Business level strategy means the vital decisions which are implemented by the company for a long period of time. It affects the business operational activities. These strategies help the company to gain competitive advantages in the market. Companies can focus on individual customers by implementing this strategy (Assael, 2005). EasyJet low cost business process provides many competitive advantages to the business. â€Å"No frills† strategy helps this airline company to earn a good amount of profit from its business. It attracts a large number of passengers, who contributes a lot in business growth of the company. A model of competitive advantage will show a clearer picture. The diagram below shows resources coupled with capabilities and competencies will lead to cost advantage which in turn paves the path of value creation. The competitive strategy used by EasyJet contributes a lot in its growth and success of the company. By this strategy the firm improves its performance and makes its performance better than its competitors. It helps the company to earn more profit. This competitive strategy of the firm creates high economic value which beats its competitors (Assael, 2005). EasyJet low cost strategy offer low fares service to its customer. In its generic strategy the company follows cost leadership process (Assael, 2005). The company believes in the thing that it can make money flying its aircraft three times a day by maintaining low cost (Baker and Hart, 2008). For this reason the firm operates its flight service approximately in 600 routes covering 30 countries. It operates its business in a limited market space. This competitive strategy contributes a lot in developing its business position in the market. EasyJet operates its business in a large scale. This helps the company to lower its business cost for economies of scale. The firm has expanded its market for globalizing its business operation. Its primary

Discussion Documents Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Documents - Assignment Example higher learning including: University of Phoenix where she earned her doctorate degree in Organizational Leadership and teaches graduate and undergraduate courses in the school of Business Management, Webster University where she earned her Masters of Arts in Management and the University of Alabama, where she did her Bachelor of Science in Education. Nita is Passionate about her job. This is evidently seen as she becomes a woman who is deeply committed to serving her people in the City and County of Denver. She is also considered to be a great asset to the CSA, City and County of Denver due to her exceptional leadership ability, strategic vision and broad management expertise. Nita is also an inspiration and a patriotic member of her city, Denver. This follows the fact that, at her appointment, she felt thrilled and honored to work for her people within her philosophy that leadership is always about ability to inspire others and see absolute relevance and importance of their

EasyJet A No Frills Airline Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

EasyJet A No Frills Airline - Assignment Example Business level strategy means the vital decisions which are implemented by the company for a long period of time. It affects the business operational activities. These strategies help the company to gain competitive advantages in the market. Companies can focus on individual customers by implementing this strategy (Assael, 2005). EasyJet low cost business process provides many competitive advantages to the business. â€Å"No frills† strategy helps this airline company to earn a good amount of profit from its business. It attracts a large number of passengers, who contributes a lot in business growth of the company. A model of competitive advantage will show a clearer picture. The diagram below shows resources coupled with capabilities and competencies will lead to cost advantage which in turn paves the path of value creation. The competitive strategy used by EasyJet contributes a lot in its growth and success of the company. By this strategy the firm improves its performance and makes its performance better than its competitors. It helps the company to earn more profit. This competitive strategy of the firm creates high economic value which beats its competitors (Assael, 2005). EasyJet low cost strategy offer low fares service to its customer. In its generic strategy the company follows cost leadership process (Assael, 2005). The company believes in the thing that it can make money flying its aircraft three times a day by maintaining low cost (Baker and Hart, 2008). For this reason the firm operates its flight service approximately in 600 routes covering 30 countries. It operates its business in a limited market space. This competitive strategy contributes a lot in developing its business position in the market. EasyJet operates its business in a large scale. This helps the company to lower its business cost for economies of scale. The firm has expanded its market for globalizing its business operation. Its primary

Personal Statement Prompt #2 Essay Example for Free

Personal Statement Prompt #2 Essay PERSONAL STATEMENT Prompt #2: Tell us about a personal quality, talent, accomplishment, contribution or experience that is important to you. What about this quality or accomplishment makes you proud, and how does it relate to the person you are? I’ve never been so interested in my spiritual life, my religion, and my service to others as I have been these past three years. One of the proudest moments of my life is when I was accepted into my school’s LIFE team, which stands for Living in Faith Experience. The trips, retreats, and activities that I have shared with my peers have formed me into a completely new person and have allowed me to experience things that I wouldn’t have been able to experience on my own. Being able to be a part of the LIFE team is an accomplishment that has given me many opportunities, and has showed me ways that I can go out into the world and grab hold of the millions of other opportunities that awaits me. This particular team isn’t like the sports and organizations that my school offers. You first have to be nominated by three teachers or administrators, which allows you to receive an application. The end of my freshman year, I received an application, and I was confused. I wasn’t too sure of what exactly the team was, except for the fact they were religious and helped the campus minister out. The application did not only involve basic information, it also required short answers for approximately 15 questions. I ignored the fact that it was so time consuming because I enjoyed having to think about the answers, which were new to me. Later in the week, I was called into our Campus Minister’s office and was interviewed. The questions allowed me, for once, to just be me and talk about what I’ve been through and what I want for my future. Just being myself paid off, in a way that changed my whole high school career and life. The person that LIFE team has helped make me is much more open, compassionate, and helpful. From small groups on the retreats, large group discussions in class, and getting guidance through liturgies, I have opened up to where I can more easily express myself. I learned the importance of trusting people and being trusted. From being a servant leader, I have deepened my qualities of compassion and being helpful. LIFE team is focused on being good leaders for others, while being a servant to them and to Christ. I’m able to learn something and actually feel anxious to go and teach others the same. I couldn’t be more proud of the way  that I’ve progressed in my spiritual knowledge, deepened in my faith, and have become much more willing to open up and try new things. Being a part of the LIFE team for these past 3 years is an accomplishment for myself, a contribution to our school and society, and has helped me to better portray the qualities that I want and need to expose in order to be the best person that I can be.

Role of Interstimulus Delay in Iconic Memory

Role of Interstimulus Delay in Iconic Memory Sensory memory is the initial structure in the Atkinson and Shiffrin’s modal model of memory. This memory structure temporarily stores information from sensory stimulation for processing and transferring to short-term memory. Within fractions of seconds, this memory will degenerate if remain unattended (Shiffrin Atkinson, 1969). There are two kinds of sensory memory which is iconic memory and echoic memory. Iconic memory is crucial as it stabilizes vision despite the presence of saccadic movements which disturbs visual adaptation to stimulus (Ciccarelli White, 2012). Hence, any delay in between the sensory stimulation and the recollection will cause an effect to the iconic memory. The question is; how much are we able to recall from our iconic memory after a period of delay? In 1967, Neisser coined the term iconic memory and assumed that all visual information are initially held there before being transported to longer lasting memory upon cue (Gegenfurtner Sperling, 1993). Iconic memory involves vision persistence where trails of light retained for fragments of second in memory (Goldstein, 2011). Haber (1983) described iconic memory as the availability to perceive the information briefly after terminating visual stimuli. The persistence and decay of the visual information in iconic memory is first presented in Sperling’s partial report (Sperling, 1960). In partial report paradigm, there is a brief delay prior to the selection cue in reporting the stimuli. The brief delay or known as the interstimulus interval (ISI) which is a time period in between two stimuli (Reed, 2013). ISI is the interval between the end of the visual stimulus and the onset of the cue tone before reporting the displayed information in the partial report technique (Chow, 1985). The effect of ISI on iconic memory in partial report can be explained by Sperling’s theory of iconic memory. Sperling stated that observers have the ability to temporarily store a large capacity of visual information, however as the information decayed rapidly due to the delay, the subjects were only able to report an average of 4.5 items (Sperling, 1960). Hence, as the interval prolonged, the effectiveness of iconic memory decreases despite the large capacity in storage. Besides that, another theory that can explain the cue delay in partial report is the Bundesen’s theory of visual attention. This quantitative model assumed that the sum of perceptual processing resources which determines the rate of processing is inadequate for the information displayed. Processing resources are used to filter information as distractor and target using selective attention. After the allocation of the processing resources, the information races for encoding in the limited capacity visua l short-term memory (Petersen and Andersen, 2012). As the encoding process is time consuming, the information decays as the selection cue delay prolongs thus affecting the items recollection. The partial report paradigm was pioneered by Sperling’s (1960) dissertation in Harvard University. Due to the subjects’ immediate-memory capacity in whole report, he devised a technique called partial report which was to only report a particular array of items arrangement according to different cue tones for each rows projected after the stimulus was displayed. Three to four items per row were used due to limited perceptual span. Higher tone was for upper row, medium tone for middle row and lower tone for lower row. In his study, he aimed to investigate on information decay by measuring the accuracy of the report. This study was conducted on 5 trained subjects who were scheduled for 3 sessions weekly for a total of 12 sessions. Before the subjects report the information, he delayed the instructional tone for 0.0s, 0.15s, 0.30s and 1s after the stimulus display. The results indicated steep decline in accuracy of report as the delay was longer. 91% of the subjects were ab le to accurately report the stimulus but as the delay increased to 1s, the accuracy declined to 69%. He concluded most visual information were registered in the sensory memory but decayed rapidly within fractions of a second (Sperling, 1960). Through his research, he was able to show that in testing immediate-memory, not just knowing the limit of the perceptual span actually is but the ability to recall the items seen needed to be measured. With his findings that perceptual span is actually larger than the ability to recall them, his pioneering study pointed to the discovery of sensory storage. Another study conducted by Merikle (1980) in University of Waterloo, Canada supports the findings by Sperling (1960) in terms of cue delay effect in partial report. This experiment aimed to test on partial report superiority as the cue delay increased for both categories (letters or numbers) and spatial cues (top or bottom). The partial report and whole report were tested on 18 subjects where they were shown 90 sets of stimulus displays from both types of stimulus and the cue were delayed for -250ms, 0ms and +250ms and. The results indicated that spatial cues are more effective than category cues. Both types of partial report condition performed better than whole report, but the decline in performance was greater than whole report when cue were more delayed (Merikle, 1980). This study illustrated that the advantage of partial report is compromised as the cue delay increased. Perhaps, the advantage is due to instruction to report according to rows enhances the accuracy as it involves spatial processing of the stimulus compared to whole report. On the contrary, Darwin, Turvey and Crowder (1972) findings did not show any significant change in partial report over time. This study was conducted on 12 Yale University undergraduate. In contrast to previous studies by Sperling (1960) and Merikle (1980), auditory stimulus was presented and the indicating cue was in the form of slide projection. A set of 20 stimuli with combinations of monosyllable letters and numbers were given over headphones and the ISIs was 0s, 1s, 2s and 4s. They were asked to report the item and the location as indicated in the stimuli. The findings showed that there are no significant differences of performance between each interval (Darwin et al., 1972). One might argue that perhaps this is due to the echoic memory and not iconic memory. However, Sperling’s (1960) assumption on sensory storage decay across time in partial report should apply to auditory memory. Thus, the result should indicate significant rapid decrease of accuracy in partial report. The insignificant finding could be due to the complex instruction that also tests on their spatial processing apart from recalling the items. Furthermore, Kuhbandner, Spitzer and Pekrun (2011) investigated on the consequences of emotion-inducing stimuli on the iconic memory decay. 45 with 32 females and 13 male students from University of Munich took part in this study. Emotion-inducing stimuli which were threatening, neutral and positive stimuli consisted of objects and animal pictures. The indicator was shown in a form of arrow after the ISIs of 14ms, 71ms, 229ms, 500ms and 1000ms. 8 trials were conducted for each stimuli conditions and delays. The subjects reported 4 chosen items out of 12 verbally. As expected, the iconic memory degenerated rapidly as the delay time increased however, for threatening stimuli; the results indicated slow decay of information (Kuhbandner et al., 2011). From this study, we can observe that emotion encourages persistence in iconic memory regardless of the delay period. Perhaps, due to the higher number of females in this study affected the results as emotional perception are different acros s genders. This study suggested that emotional processing occurred faster than selective attention in iconic memory processing. As we can see from previous studies discussed, various adaptations of Sperling’s (1960) partial report paradigm ware used. However, most studies on partial report that supported Sperling’s findings were conducted at least thirty years ago. A current study on the interstimulus delay effect using neutral stimulus on iconic memory needs to be conducted in order to observe whether Sperling’s assumption are still applicable to this date. Past researches have conducted partial report experiments using traditional tachistoscopes (Sperling, 1960; Merikle, 1980) however for this present study, CogLab 2.0 computer application were used for better and more comprehensive material in data collection. For this research we aimed to observe the effect interstimulus intervals on the iconic memory. Iconic memory was measured by the percentage of the recalled items. We hypothesized that the increase in interstimulus interval decreases the percentage of recalled items. Methods Study design In testing out the hypothesis, we conducted an experiment with repeated measure design. Data was gathered through convenient sampling. For this study, the independent variable was the interstimulus interval (ISI) whereas the dependent variable was percentage of the recalled items. Participants Participants in this study consist of 28 (10 males and 18 females) undergraduate Sunway University psychology students who are enrolled in Cognition and Perception course with the age range of 18 to 35 years old. As a part of the coursework, students were rewarded with 1% credit for participating. In selection of participants, the inclusion criterion was those who are wearing visual and hearing aids whereas the exclusion criterion was non-psychology students. Measurement In conducting this experiment, we have used Wadsworth CogLab online laboratory 2.0 (Goldstein, 2011) computer program. Specifically, under the sensory memory section, we have selected partial report experiment. Interstimulus interval. The interstimulus interval was between the end of the stimulus matrix display and cue tone onset. Each interval was varied at 20milisecond (ms), 100ms, 300ms, and 1000ms. Percentage of recalled items. The numbers of correct letters reported for each delay trials are recorded and totaled regardless of the order of the letters. The percentages of the scores are then calculated according to each interstimulus interval conditions. Procedure Ahead of the tutorial class, every student was informed to bring their own headphones to reduce distractions during the experiment. All students who were present on the day of the experiment gathered in the computer lab with one computer for each student. This experiment was only conducted in one session with all participants at once with estimated time of completion at about 20 minutes. All participants were assigned to complete every condition of the interstimulus intervals. As the class started under the supervision of a lecturer, the students were allowed to read the instructions and start the experiment at their own pace. They were required to fill in their student ID and put on their headphones before beginning the experiment. As they started, they were exposed to 3 different cue tones to familiarize them with indicator tone on which row to report. Low-pitched tone was for bottom row, medium-pitched sound for middle row and lastly high-pitched tone for the upper row. For a tota l of 60 trials, each trial started as they pressed the space bar and they had to fixate their vision on a small asterisk at the screen center. After one second and a half, 33 matrix of alphabets appeared on the screen for a duration of 150ms. The interstimulus interval started after the matrix flashed and at the offset of the tone. A tone was played as the indicator and the letters of the indicated row were typed. These procedures were repeated for each trial and the students were asked to keep their eyes fixated on the center throughout the experiment. The results were immediately displayed for each participant on their performance and submitted to e-Learn for pooled data collection. Results To test the decrease of percentage of recalled items as the interstimulus interval increases, the results were analyzed using repeated measure ANOVA due to the nature of the experiment where all conditions were tested on within the same subjects. Interstimulus interval was classified as categorical variable with four conditions (20ms, 100ms, 300ms, and 1000ms) whereas the dependent variable, the percentage recalled was a continuous variable. The results illustrated significant decrease from the 20ms to 100ms interval on the percentage recalled, Wilk’s Lambda = .011, F (3, 25) = 4.56, p = .011. To observe the informational decay pattern, further test of pairwise comparison demonstrated that there was there was a significant decline between the 100ms interval and 1000ms interval (mean difference= 8.730; p = .02). Furthermore, between 300ms interval and the 1000ms, there was a significant decrease (mean difference = 8.10; p = .009). However, no significant decrease was found from 20ms interval to 100ms interval (mean difference = 1.99; p = 1.00) to 300ms interval (mean difference = 1.35; p = 1.00), and to 1000ms interval (mean difference = 6.75; p = .136). In addition, there was no significant decrease found between the 100ms interval and 300ms interval (mean difference = .635; p = 1.00) but. Generally, since there are greater decrease from 100ms and 300ms interval to 1000ms interval, there were overall decrease across the increasing interstimulus intervals. The mean scores for each interstimulus interval are shown in table 1. Table 1 Mean and standard deviation of percentage of recalled items after interstimulus delay Discussion This research was carried out to examine the effect of interstimulus delay on the effectiveness of iconic memory. Our hypothesis was testing on whether longer interstimulus delay causes lower performance in the percentage of the test items recalled. The statistical analysis on our data showed that there was indeed a significant decrease in percentage of recalled items across the increasing length of interstimulus interval thus supporting our hypothesis. Our result was found to be consistent with the findings from previous studies (Sperling, 1960; Merikle, 1980) which showed that the information decayed as the time delay increased. On the contrary, our outcome did not support the findings from the studies conducted by Darwin et al. (1972) which indicated no significant difference between the interstimulus intervals and study by Kuhbandner et al. (2011) which indicated persistence of iconic memory despite 1000s of delay. A possible reasoning for this finding is the iconic memory decayed over time due to the use of neutral stimulus items where 12 random letters were briefly displayed. These random letters were non-relatable to one another to make sense of the information. According to the Atkinson and Shiffrin’s (1969) modal model of memory, the sensory memory acted as the pathway to the short-term memory and the information decayed rapidly if remained unrehearsed before further processing of the information. Thus, as the stimulus displayed provided no significance for participants to further process in short-term store and stimulates the information decay. This justification can be supported by the finding by Kuhbandner et al., (2011) as the usage of the emotion-inducing stimulus, particularly threatening stimulus caused longer visual persistence due to the human survival instinct. Hence, the type of visual stimulus used explains why iconic memory is short-lived. Besides that, another possible rationalization on decreasing percentage of recalled items over time was due to blinking. The blinking action momentarily disrupts our vision as we are receiving the visual stimuli. Thomas and Irwin (2006) claimed that blinking restrained cognitive processing from their findings in conducting partial report experiment. Their findings showed that more errors were found under blinking condition. As blinking hinders cognitive processing, it is aligned to the Bundesen’s theory of visual attention where limited processing resources is available hence it requires more time to process more information (Petersen and Andersen, 2012). Blinking puts further setback in the information processing thus leading to the decay of unattended information. Strengths and Limitations As we conducted this experiment in one session where all participants were tested in one sitting, all participants experienced similar external conditions including lighting and temperature that may affect the attention. The similar extraneous conditions contributed to the strength of this study. Besides that, a relatively large number of samples for experimental design research also helped to strengthen this study. For limitations, the convenience sampling method of only conducting the research on a class of psychology students is not representative of the population in Sunway University. Thus, it is difficult to generalize our findings as psychology students are more familiar with the CogLab experiments and the theoretical assumption of partial report. Furthermore, this test was conducted early in the morning as soon as the class begins. The students were not in full-alert state during that hour as they rushed to get to class hence may affect their cognitive processing. Future studies and implications To improve the present study, one of the ways that future researcher can apply is to conduct the experiment on subject from different courses in this university. To remove any biasness in sampling, psychology students should be an excluded as they have basic knowledge on cognitive processing. Besides that, another way to improve this study is by using other types of visual stimulus such as combination of letters and numbers per row to see whether it has an effect on their iconic memory. The current finding suggests that there should be very short intervals in between visual aid presentation especially in videos and movies for visual persistence. Besides that, the finding implies that rehearsals from longer duration of visual display help in retaining the iconic memory. Conclusion In conclusion, this study focuses on iconic memory where we assumed that the percentage of recalled items decreases as there is increase in interstimulus interval. The statistical data analysis indicated that there is a significant decrease in percentage of recalled items as the interval period prolonged. The iconic memory theory (Sperling, 1960) and theory of visual attention (Petersen Andersen, 2012) explained on how the delay affects the iconic memory performance. Iconic memory performance decreases over time due to the decay of information. The finding from this study has implication on filming industries to edit their video materials to reduce the iconic memory effect as cut-scene changes.

Salingers Catcher in the Rye :: Catcher in the Rye Essays

This book is a good book. "What I was really hanging around for, I was trying to feel some kind of a good-by. I mean I've left schools and places I didn't even know I was leaving them. I hate that. I don't care if it's a sad good-by or a bad good-by, but when I leave a place I like to know I'm leaving it. If you don't, you feel even worse. ~J.D. Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye, Chapter 1 I don't even know what I was running for - I guess I just felt like it. ~J.D. Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye, Chapter 1 It was that kind of a crazy afternoon, terrifically cold, and no sun out or anything, and you felt like you were disappearing every time you crossed a road. ~J.D. Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye, Chapter 1 People always think something's all true. ~J.D. Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye, Chapter 2 People never notice anything. ~J.D. Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye, Chapter 2 I'm the most terrific liar you ever saw in your life. It's awful. If I'm on my way to the store to buy a magazine, even, and somebody asks me where I'm going, I'm liable to say I'm going to the opera. It's terrible. ~J.D. Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye, Chapter 3 When I really worry about something, I don't just fool around. I even have to go to the bathroom when I worry about something. Only, I don't go. I'm too worried to go. I don't want to interrupt my worrying to go. ~J.D. Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye, Chapter 6 All morons hate it when you call them a moron. ~J.D. Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye, Chapter 6 In my mind, I'm probably the biggest sex maniac you ever saw. ~J.D. Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye, Chapter 9 It's really too bad that so much crumby stuff is a lot of fun sometimes. ~J.D. Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye, Chapter 9 Sex is something I really don't understand too hot. You never know where the hell you are. I keep making up these sex rules for myself, and then I break them right away. Last year I made a rule that I was going to quit horsing around with girls that, deep down, gave me a pain in the ass.

Extending a Kantian Dichotomy to a Poincaréan Trichotomy :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Extending a Kantian Dichotomy to a Poincarà ©an Trichotomy ABSTRACT: I argue for the possibility of knowledge by invention which is neither à ¡ priori nor à ¡ posteriori. My conception of knowledge by invention evolves from Poincarà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s conventionalism, but unlike Poincarà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s conventions, propositions known by invention have a truth value. An individuating criteria for this type of knowledge is conjectured. The proposition known through invention is: gounded historically in the discipline to which it belongs; a result of the careful, sincere and objective quest and effort of the knower; chosen freely by the inventer or knower; and, private in its invention but public once invented. I extend knowledge by invention to include the knowledge of the invented proposition by those who do not invent it but accept it as a convention for good reasons. Finally, knowledge by invention combined with a revisionist, Platonist definition of knowledge as actively justified true belief provides a pedagogical model reviving the proactive spi rit of the Socratic method with an emphasis on invention and activity and a de-emphasis on information gathering and passivity. I. Introduction Kant's à   priori - à   posteriori and analytic - synthetic distinctions inaugurated Modern epistemology and provided the architecture for knowledge in mathematics, science and metaphysics. (1) The product of the two distinctions yields three kinds of knowledge: synthetic à   priori, analytic à   priori and synthetic à   posteriori; analytic à   posteriori being impossible. For Kant propositions like; "7+5=12," "all bodies have mass" and "every event has a cause." were synthetic and known à   priorily. (2) Post-Kantian philosophy witnessed an attack on the possibility of synthetic à   priori knowledge such as the rejections of analysis, geometry and arithmetic as synthetic à   priori by Bolzano, Helmholtz and Frege respectively. (3) These were motivated by a fear that Kant's conceptualism, of the mind imposing space and time on the world, may lead to anti-realism, such as that of Husserl's bracketing the existence of the world based on his extensions of Descartes and Kant. ( 4) Nominalism and idealism are anti-realist but conceptualism and conventionalism need not be. I extend the typology of knowledge by adding knowledge by invention. Many fundamental propositions of mathematics, science and metaphysics hence shift from the realm of synthetic à   priori to the realm of knowledge by invention. For Poincarà © fundamental definitions of mathematics are neither à   priori nor à   posteriori, but conventional. I suggest that "conventional" means "known by invention." I will argue in this paper for this unconventional interpretation of Poincarà ©'s conventionalism.

Quality Control

More and more companies are finding it necessary to to achieve high quality, ND consider it a major strategy objective. This essay aims to explain how companies control their organizations to produce high quality products through cases in two completely different sectors, separately service and manufacturing industries. It compares distinct method to improve quality in two company Toyota and American airline. Literature Review Quality Is an often-used concept but yet such a complex term. Many academic researches have been conducted to help us understand what Is quality.From marketing's perspective, it is about how to satisfy customer expectations to the greet extent ( Crooning 1994). Other economics and industrial organization researchers view quality in terms of vertical product differentiation between design and implementation. ( Mayer,C 1 971 ), whereas management researchers study quality in terms of organizational processes such as quality circles and total quality management (P owell,T 1995). Those definitions give a comprehensive understanding of this concept. To attempt to reach high quality, companies monitor the process of production. These actively can be defined as quality control (SQ).As Mayer (1971) said, the term control add the meaning of attempts to Insure that the design was implemented according to the plan. In other words, it is a systematic process through which the targets and standards are set and then actions are taken to correct deviations from actual performance. There are four steps in the control process according to R. Daft (1991) ,namely establish standards, measure actual performance, compare performance to standards and take corrective action. Firstly, establishing standards precisely provides a guide to workers and managers so that they can determine whether the product or service Is on target.Secondly, companies develop various quality agreements which can be observed In a period,for monthly. Thirdly, comparing performance to st andards means relating collected data and reports from actual activities to the target. When performance Is Inconsistent with the standards, inquiring approach should be taken and causes of the problem chancing work activities in order to bring them back to acceptable performance standards. When implementing the four steps above, quality control can focus on events before, during,or after the production process. Quality Control More and more companies are finding it necessary to to achieve high quality, ND consider it a major strategy objective. This essay aims to explain how companies control their organizations to produce high quality products through cases in two completely different sectors, separately service and manufacturing industries. It compares distinct method to improve quality in two company Toyota and American airline. Literature Review Quality Is an often-used concept but yet such a complex term. Many academic researches have been conducted to help us understand what Is quality.From marketing's perspective, it is about how to satisfy customer expectations to the greet extent ( Crooning 1994). Other economics and industrial organization researchers view quality in terms of vertical product differentiation between design and implementation. ( Mayer,C 1 971 ), whereas management researchers study quality in terms of organizational processes such as quality circles and total quality management (P owell,T 1995). Those definitions give a comprehensive understanding of this concept. To attempt to reach high quality, companies monitor the process of production. These actively can be defined as quality control (SQ).As Mayer (1971) said, the term control add the meaning of attempts to Insure that the design was implemented according to the plan. In other words, it is a systematic process through which the targets and standards are set and then actions are taken to correct deviations from actual performance. There are four steps in the control process according to R. Daft (1991) ,namely establish standards, measure actual performance, compare performance to standards and take corrective action. Firstly, establishing standards precisely provides a guide to workers and managers so that they can determine whether the product or service Is on target.Secondly, companies develop various quality agreements which can be observed In a period,for monthly. Thirdly, comparing performance to st andards means relating collected data and reports from actual activities to the target. When performance Is Inconsistent with the standards, inquiring approach should be taken and causes of the problem chancing work activities in order to bring them back to acceptable performance standards. When implementing the four steps above, quality control can focus on events before, during,or after the production process.

Accounts Receivable and Acquisitions Journal

Part E Acquisitions Substantive Tests of Transactions| | | | TRANSACTION-RELATED AUDIT OBJECTIVES| SUBSTANTIVE AUDIT PROCEDURES| Occurrence| * Compare prices on vendor invoices with approved price limits established by management. * Review the acquisitions journal, general ledger, and accounts payable master file for large or unusual amounts. | Completeness| * Trace a sample of receiving reports to the acquisitions journal. * Trace from a file of vendors' invoices to the acquisitions journal. Trace from additions in perpetual inventory records to recorded acquisitions. | Accuracy| * Compare amounts for entries in acquisitions journal to related vendors' invoices, purchase orders and receiving reports. * Recompute information on vendor invoices. * Compare prices on vendor invoices with approved price limits established by management. | Posting and Summarization| * Trace individual entries in accounts payable master file to acquisitions journal. | Classification| * Examine vendors' inv oices for proper classification. Compare classification with chart of accounts by reference to vendors' invoices. | Timing| * Compare dates of receiving reports and vendors' invoices with dates in the acquisitions journal. | Part F. Cash Disbursements Substantive Tests of Transactions| TRANSACTION-RELATED AUDIT OBJECTIVES| SUBSTANTIVE AUDIT PROCEDURES| Occurrence| * Trace cancelled check numbers in the cash disbursements journal to related cancelled checks and examine for payee, name, and amount. Examine cancelled check for authorized signature, proper endorsement, and cancellation by the bank. * Review the cash disbursements journal, general ledger, and accounts payable master file for large or unusual amounts. * Trace cancelled check to the related acquisitions journal entry and examine for payee name and amount. | Completeness| * Trace entries in acquisitions journal to subsequent payment in cash disbursements journal. Accuracy| * Compare cancelled checks with the related acquisi tions journal and cash disbursements journal entries. * Recompute cash discounts. | Posting and Summarization| * Trace individual entries in accounts payable master file to cash disbursements journal. | Classification| * Compare classification with chart of accounts by reference to vendors' invoices and acquisitions journal. | Timing| * Compare dates on cancelled checks with cash disbursements journal. * Compare dates on cancelled checks with the bank cancellation date. |

Rock And Roll Fan Film Studies Essay

The Ultimate Stones is a set that recreates a true Rolling Stones experience. The set originated in Southern California and has become to be recognized as one of the greatest Rolled Stones testimonial sets. Bruce Forrest, from All Access Magazine, stated, â€Å" And so we have the Ultimate Stones, who seemingly knows what it takes to be effectual, and do it on such a superior, and professional degree, it makes all the other â€Å" tribute sets † look inferior. † The Ultimate Stones all have a look-alike dramatis personae, adding to the portraiture of the existent Rolling Stones set. The set consists of lead vocal vocalist, Mick Adams ( Mick Jagger ) , Rick Harchol ( Keith Richards ) , Vince Lupo ( Charlie Watts ) , Bernard Yantz ( Bill Wyman ) , with Justine Ducloux ( Merry Clayton ) besides on vocals. Each set member has an experienced background in the music industry. The Ultimate Rocks have been touring all over the United States for old ages and have become frequent visitants in the Las Vegas and Southern California countries. They have become recognized by some of the most celebrated beginnings of media for their hailing testimonial to the Rolling Stones ability. Opening the concert with â€Å" Wild Horses † was a simple manner to ease into the dark. I had heard the vocal before, but it was an reading that was sung by another creative person. I recognized the vocal, and instantly liked it much more than the covered version I had originally heard. The vocal had a poetic and deep tone colour. It was emotionally complex, doing the significance behind it come alive. Leading in with a soft dynamic matched with the slow pacing highlight the unhappiness. About a minute in, the beat displacements with the debut of a more marked membranophone. The simple quiet acoustic guitar alterations form throughout the vocal, as with the wordss. â€Å" Faith has been broken.A Tears must be cried.A We have our freedom, but we do n't hold much clip†¦ Wild Equus caballuss could n't rupture us apart.A Wild Equus caballuss, we ‘ll sit them someday. â€Å" A The wordss are a paradox within themselves. High harmoniousnesss in the center made the song come alive, about constructing up. The harmoniousnesss throughout the vocal were first-class. The vocal had a elusive state melody to it accompanied by a stone feeling. This was due to the acoustic guitar playing in a â€Å" Nashville tuning † and rhythm one played in harmoniousness. â€Å" Nashville Tuning † is used on this vocal – which is a tuning that makes a 6-string guitar sound like a 12-string.A The lead vocal is really recognizable and distinguished. Another vocal that stood out during their concert, â€Å" Ruby Tuesday, † which was another dissolution lay. The construction of the vocal differs from the more typical of the Rolling Stones vocals. It does n't look to be wholly stone and axial rotation or a blues manner. The vocal takes a piece to rush up the pacing, finally constructing up to the chorus where there is a recording equipment involved. The kineticss of the vocal are really soft, supplying the temper of any grief. A piano, guitar, recording equipment, and even a bass were distinguishable throughout the vocal every bit good. The recording equipment solo is traveling, about powerful I found out. The poetries are quietly sung with simple harmoniousnesss in the background, supplying an effectual tune. At the terminal of some of the poetries, Mick Adams hit really low registries, adding to the dejecting tone merely to pick it up once more. The choruses contrast with the poetries, presenting a more intense pacing alon g with the kineticss where membranophones are so introduced. Like â€Å" Wild Horses, † Ruby Tuesday has a lonely and soft tone colour. I enjoyed this vocal particularly the portion the recording equipment served, it is merely relatable to any grief and they rhythm was faithful to the original Rolling Stones version. Contrasting with the old vocal, â€Å" Paint It Black † has more of a dark colour tone. The usage of the bass guitar, sitar, membranophones, and some kind of maracas are used to present the vocal. The pacing starts off slow gap into a more frequent round. After the debut, the starting vocals seem about labored, quickened. The vocal did n't look to hold many ties to the usual blues sound they typically gravitate towards. The usage of the sitar adds to the dark colour melody which added some kind of â€Å" twangy † sound. The tune sounded about Middle-Eastern, Indian about. The beat is particularly influenced with Indian roots, which are emphasized with the sitar. The membranophones come in and out, conveying a difficult stone sound that speeds the pacing up until it subsequently drops down once more when Mick Adams resumes his poetries. The Ultimate Stones used the back-up singer to their advantage when they hummed a series of creepy Riffs in the background of the chorus es functioning as the dark harmoniousnesss. The vocal carries a reasonably low registry throughout the full vocal. The assorted textures within the vocal attention deficit disorder to a more heavy texture, the sitar being a premier instrument. I find this song really challenging ; it has a more dark feeling to it, doing it tricky. The sitar used, was alone, which I admire and the Ultimate Stones, once more, stayed loyal to the original Rolling Stones. Another authoritative Rolling Stones hit, Gim me Shelter was played towards the terminal of the set. The vocal is one of a mid-tempo stone vocal. It begins with a beat guitar presentation by the lead guitar player, followed by Mick ‘s presentation. The guitar is foremost introduced making the tune along with a piano while the bass sneaks in towards the terminal of the presentation. The piano finally fades out, playing underneath the mouth organ. During certain parts of the vocal, the kineticss of the set muffle the sound of the singer ‘s voice. The consonant â€Å" oohs † are sung over the guitar player ‘s parts and quiet the tone. Mick ‘s low texture contrasts with the shriek, higher registry of the back-up vocalists. This is besides the first vocal, that the adult female singer is heard. The colour of this vocal, is once more dark, portraying the vocal ‘s significance. The poetries are instead ordinary and workmanlike in comparing to the chorus, another great catchy Stones chorus that can be half-shouted and half-sung along with.A This vocal does portray the lost times during the Vietnam War, and the Ultimate Stones did a antic occupation with the vocal. However, out of all the vocals they played that dark, I had many vocals that I preferred more than this one. The shutting vocal did n't halt short of antic. â€Å" ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction † delivered energy to the room that was indefinable. The trenchant kineticss of the vocal and the fast pacing are the incarnation of a stone vocal. Mixtures of electric instruments were used, adding to the tone of the vocal. Guitar Riffs have a beat are a form of descending and go uping notes that produce a cooling Riff harmoniousness. Set against a round suited for foot-stomping and hand-clapping, Mick sang the poetries in a muted tone. Each poetry would go on to construct and construct into an explosive chorus. The chorus is normally sung about Mick ‘s universe ailments in a powerful manner. Much of the vocal ‘s texture is highlighted by the guitars played underneath Mick ‘s voice. During the poetry to chorus parts, Mick hits a twine of lines with low registries before detonating in one of his highest registries. My favourite Rolling Stones vocal ended the dark, and in t hat one vocal, it was if the energy within the whole room was bombinating. It seems to be such a universal vocal, everybody knows it and sings along with the chorus. It seemed to convey everyone together that dark, and to me, it was the best public presentation of the dark. I was nil short of impressed with this set. Many of my friends and household members had thought that a â€Å" tribute set † was cheesy, something that could non populate up to the original set. However, I had some background with the Rolling Stones before this concert and from what I heard, it was non far away. It was neither bum nor bad. The Ultimate Rocks were non â€Å" wanna-be ‘s. † In fact, the Ultimate Stones merit the congratulations they have gotten throughout magazines and the intelligence they have appeared in. They brought a serious public presentation and kept their promise to do the concert as stopping point to the original Rolling Stones as possible. Mick Adams portrayed an first-class Mick Jagger as with the remainder of the set. They have been recognized as one of the best testimonial sets in the universe, and truly so. I was non allow down at all by this public presentation and would non waver in returning one time more.

12 question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

12 question - Essay Example Conversely, a staffing plan is an outline of what an organization will do to support the implementation of their choice of staffing strategy (Bechet 7). In this regard, a staffing strategy is long-term while a staffing plan is a short-term strategic plan. In addition, a staffing plan supports the implementation of a staffing strategy. The process first involves a clear understanding of my company in order to identify what drives changes in the staffing levels of the company. Thereafter, the next step will involve the identification of the factors that drive staffing needs in a company and the constraints regarding staffing. In addition, I would also define the changes in  a companys  roles and positions  before attempting to define the staffing levels. The next step will involve incorporating a combination of quantitative and qualitative techniques to determine the staffing levels in the company (Bechet 89). During staffing, uncontrollable staffing actions include positions for which candidates have accepted offers, but they have not assumed their roles yet; normal retirement; and voluntary turnover. On the other hand, controllable actions include early retirement programs, termination for cause, and layoffs or reduction in force (Bechet 55). Span of control is an appropriate example of a staffing ratio. In this case, this ratio relates the required number of supervisors required for a job in relation to the amount of workers under supervision, and not in relation to the amount of work done by these supervisors (Bechet 93). For example, in a job that requires 1,000 technicians, I would apply a span of control ratio of 1 supervisor for every 20 technicians. In effect, I would require 50 supervisors for this job. The first solution within the context of the 30,000-foot approach involves explaining to the managers the importance of the new approach in achieving

Personal Leadership Development Strategy Research Paper - 1

Personal Leadership Development Strategy - Research Paper Example The vision of leadership therefore places more attention on the relationship between an individual leader and the groups, while at the same time placing more emphasis on collective development. In these contexts, leadership’s relationship to capacity development is often viewed in three levels: individual, organizational and societal. Of these three main levels, societal leadership development often offers the most sustainable change, but also the most difficult to reach, monitor and by an extension evaluate. This paper analyzes personal leadership development, my current leadership state, weaknesses and strengths and it will take to reach an ideal leadership state. Success does not come on a silver platter. It only comes when you are able to face your challenges obstacles which are associated with being a leader. This process entails having adequate information of your strengths and the weaknesses that are inherent within you. Listed are my weaknesses which have contributed o r hindered my personal leadership growth, skills which I intend to enhance my course at the end of my studies; Being compassionate Hardworking Sociable Action oriented and practical High level of integrity Forgiving Having a high level of personal and social intelligence. Leadership Reviewed When looked from an organizational perspective, leadership is the ability of guiding a group of individuals that are in the organization, and thus involves creating and instituting a very clear vision and outline for an organization (Grohmann & Kauffeld, 2013). In this context, sharing a vision with other people or employees in the company aims at creating a unified platform so that fellow organizational employees can follow the company’s objectives without any compromise, and offering information, and other parameters and methods that are required for the accomplishment of the company’s vision. Additionally, leadership involves the process of organizing and coordinating various pr ogram actions and activities, and other inherent conflicting positions that may derail workers and organizational stakeholders from achieving the desired organizational levels. On the other hand, leadership management involves the process of planning, organizing, directing, coordinating, and control both human and non-human resources in an organization so as to achieve the required organizational levels. Management of people in the organization therefore is the art of planning, organizing and coordinating people and resources in the organization without compromising organizational goals and resources (John, 2002). When examined exclusively, management bears certain characteristics that define organizational efficiency and effectiveness: it involves a continuous process that is often in motion; the leader has to undertake certain functions and responsibilities in an ongoing process and allocating resources to ensure that organizational objectives are met without compromising the obje ctives of individual employees in the organization. The modern concept of organizational management views management and leadership as synonymous. In this understanding Neirott & Paolucci (2013) contend that leadership is a result driven process that is multidisciplinary in nature; it is a process that embraces focus in achieving the intended organizational goals and results through working with and by people that have diverse

The Constitution a Controversial Document Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Constitution a Controversial Document - Essay Example The paper tells that the constitution was drafted after a successful civil revolt from the British rule in 1787. It was the result of a highly successful collaborative effort composed of leaders of high repute and regard from the original founding 13 colonies of our great American nation. However, the fact that it was created by representatives from 13 colonies in itself was already a controversial idea and, at the time, few thought it would succeed. It was because of the various thoughts, mindsets, and vested interests in the new country that the Constitution was eventually seen, even though the 13 states had agreed upon its content, as a controversial document as it was being written. Â  Since the constitution was created during an era when there was no technology such as the internet or 24 hour news television to show the public what was going on between the 55 state delegates during the drafting of the constitution, we only recently came to understand how the process was actuall y quite divisive and could have resulted in a civil war between the states soon after the war against Britain ended. That is because in an atmosphere that combined competitive, lively debate with tolerance and respect for differences of opinion, the delegates reached vital compromises on matters that threatened to divide the still loosely connected union of states. Many different factions opposed one another—small states versus large states, farmers versus businesspeople, North versus South, and slave states versus non-slave states.

The Concept of Risk in Different Project Management Approaches Essay

The Concept of Risk in Different Project Management Approaches - Essay Example This is because they are uncertain and may depend on external factors beyond the scope of the project. Being aware of the risks involved in a project enables the manager to plan, minimize, avoid, cope or adjust with the possible risks. Risks are capable of hindering the projects objectives from being realized. Risk management is important and there are different methodologies which are applied in project management to minimize the negative outcomes (Hubbard2009, p. 35). Some of the methodologies include Prince 2 and SCRUM. Prince 2 is a highly controlled project which ensures that certain standards are followed to achieve specified standards or quality. SCRUM is an agile methodology which develops software. It is applied to development of new products with defined roles and methods. Comparing Prince 2 and SCRUM will help identify the strengths and weaknesses of the traditional approached to the use of software in risk management. 2. The Concept of Risk Management Crouhy   et al (20 00) mention that project management is viewed as the exercise conducted before and during the project management which identifies the uncertainties and constrains. The identification enables project managers to remove constrains and purge out uncertainties. Getting rid of uncertainties and constrain completely is challenging. The mangers can reduce constrains and uncertainties and manage the remaining level of risk. Risk management is process that involves analyzing and recognizing uncertain possibility (positive and negative), utilizing available resources to minimize, control and assess the effects of uncertain occurrences. Risks management is also considered as a means of maximizing on the opportunities. Risks in project management emanate from natural cause or tragedy, legal liabilities, credit management, changes in financial market, inappropriate project design, lack of developments, lack of sustainability and attacks from adversaries. Various institutions have been establishe d to set standards that assist in risk management. They include the ISO standards and the Project Management Institute. The institutions vary depending on the industries they can be applied. The approach, conceptualization and motives are depended on the specific industry a project falls (Hopkin 2012) According to Mulcahy (2010) risks management is also considered a part of project management that spots risks, implement procedures and develop contingency plans. Risk management is considered as a tool that eliminates, minimizes or transforms risks to allow the realization of goals and objectives of the project. Common risks include: lack of understanding of the project, assumptions in the project, reliance on practices articulated by other teams, lack of training for employee and poor decision making (Crouhy  et al 2001). Different project management handles risks by transferring the risk, minimizing the occurrence of the risk, minimizing the impacts, evading the risk and accepting the consequences in some instances. This paper will adopt risk management as means of reducing and coping with risks during a project. 3. The concept of Risk in Prince 2 Prince 2 denotes Projects in Controlled Environment 2. Prince is widely used in the United Kingdom for public and private projects. It is highly structured and standardized to meet management needs, enforce control and provide organization. Prince 2 entails training for managers and provides certification. Prince 2 methodologies relies on: justification of the business, clarity of functions,

Small-Business Opportunities with the Navy Assignment

Small-Business Opportunities with the Navy - Assignment Example By statute, the Navy is required to implement some basic small business programs. The government provides opportunities in acquisitions to small businesses including the chance to participate in subcontracts and prime contracts. The following are the steps for acquiring the contract The Company will aim to be satisfied as a small business. It is primarily because the government retains a certain percentage of its contracts for small business holders and vendors (Contractor reference guide, 2014). Our company will identify a need that is yet to be in the Navy. Through our observation, there is a niche in the floor refinishing sector. It is especially because our product is, and therefore we are the only ones who can provide this service (Contractor reference guide, 2014). The Company then sends procurement letter to the Navy small business specialist who will advise us on the contract acquisition process. We will also market our product to the small business advisor so as he or she can consider us in the contracting process. The company will lay out the services it offers and then offer a price for which it is willing to work. Smart pay is such a website and serves to as a link between over 350 federal agencies. All this agencies will locate vendors and business through this online service (Contractor reference guide, 2014). Electronic contracting services offer a platform on which vendors can acquire contracts. They are also necessary for business such as the Navy since advertisement of their contracts may be done on these online platforms. Smart pay services offer charge cards to agencies throughout the United States government through master contracts with major national banks such as JP Morgan and Citibank. The charge cards are for contracting services where businesses and vendors are paid through the relevant banks. The advantage of smart pay is that